ANALYSIS OF SHALLOW WELL WATER QUALITY AND

DEVELOPING WATER QUALITY INDEX

Supervisor: Dr. K.G.N Nanayakkara

PG/E/WE/2020/04
Chaminda W.G
CONTENT

• AIM AND OBJECTIVES

• LITERATURE REVIEW
• REFERENCES
AIM AND OBJECTIVES

• AIM
 Finding a water quality index to assesses the ground water quality
• OBJECTIVES
 To collect the shallow well water quality data from the different
GNDs in UVA Province
 Analyze and find a water quality index form the most affected
area
LITERATURE REVIEWS

• MGYL Mahagamage., SDM Chinthaka ., PM Manage (2016) Assessment of water

quality index for groundwater in the kelani river basin, Sri Lanka International Journal
of Agriculture and Environmental Research. Volume:02, lssue:05
In this literature
• computed to calculate Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water
Quality Index (CCME WQI) in the Kelani river basin to determine suitability of water
for drinking, irrigation and livestock purposes
• Thirty ground water samples had selected for the WQI assessment and CCME WQI
had applied for eighteen water quality parameters.
• pH, FC, TC, Electrical conductivity , Hardness , TDS,BOD,TP, nitrate,nitride,
COD,Cd,Pb,Cu,Cr,Al, Zn, DO had analysed
LITERATURE REVIEWS

• Drinking water category based on eighteen water quality parameters

namely pH value, Total Dissolved Solids, Total phosphate, Nitrite,
Nitrate, Hardness, Conductivity, BOD, COD, DO, Al, Cd, Zn, Cu, Pb,
Cr, total coliform and feacal coliform counts

• Cd, Al, Zn, Pb, Cr ,Cu, TDS, total coliform and feacal coliform were
considered for irrigation water quality

• Nitrite, TDS, nitrates, Al, Zn, Pb, Cd and Cu were considered for
livestock water quality
LITERATURE REVIEWS

Study
area
LITERATURE REVIEWS
• CCME Water Quality Index
F1 (Scope) represents the percentage of parameters that not within the
guideline

F2 (Frequency) signifies the percentage of individual tests within each

parameter that exceeded the guideline
LITERATURE REVIEWS

F3 (Amplitude) represents the extent (excursion) to which the failed test

exceeds the guideline. When the test value must not exceed the
objective

For the cases in which the test value must not fall below the objective
 LITERATURE REVIEWS
Then, the normalized sum of excursions (nse) is calculated as follows

F3 is then calculated using a formula that scales the nse to range

between 1 and 1 0 0
LITERATURE REVIEWS

The CCME Water Quality Index (CCME WQI)

According to the CCME WQI water quality was ranked in the following
5 categories
LITERATURE REVIEWS
WQI CATERGORY
RANGE
0-44 Poor Water quality does not meet any criteria for use as a source of
drinking water, conditions usually depart from natural or desirable
levels
45-64 Good Water quality often violates criteria for use as a source of
drinking water by a considerable margin, conditions often depart
from natural levels
65-79 Fair Water quality sometimes violates criteria, possibly by a wide
margin, for use as a source of drinking water conditions
sometimes depart from desirable levels
80-94 Good Water quality rarely disturbs criteria for use as a source of
drinking water, conditions rarely depart from natural levels
95-100 Excellent: Water quality fulfill all criteria for use as a source of
drinking water, conditions very close to pristine levels
LITERATURE REVIEWS

• P. A. S. A. Rathnasri ;Pathmalal M. Manage (2015) Evaluation of

Groundwater Quality in Five Grama Divisions of Maharagama Urban
Area Using Groundwater Quality Index (WQI) (2015), International
Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies (IJMS) .Volume 2, Issue II
In this literature
• aims to monitor and evaluate the quality of groundwater in five
selected Grama Niladhari (GN) divisions (Jambugasmulla,
Gangodawila south B, Wijerama, Navinna and Wattegedara) in
Maharagama urban area
LITERATURE REVIEWS

Fifty five wells were selected for

sampling representing the five
GN divisions.
LITERATURE REVIEWS

• Twelve physico- chemical parameters were used to calculate the WQI

including total alkalinity, hardness, conductivity, pH, chloride, nitrate,
total phosphate and five heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Zn, Fe and Pb)
• In this literature, Water quality index was calculated using following
steps
1 st step
weight value was assigned for each of the twelve parameters depending
on their relative importance. The maximum weight (5) has been
assigned to parameters with major importance.
LITERATURE REVIEWS
2nd step
Then, the relative weight was calculated using the following equation
LITERATURE REVIEWS

• 3rd step
Assigning the quality rating scale for each parameter

qi - quality rating
Ci - concentration of each chemical parameter
Si - Sri Lankan drinking water standard for each chemical parameter
LITERATURE REVIEWS

• 4th step
Calculation of SI value

SIi - sub index of I th parameter

Wi - relative weight of ith parameter.
LITERATURE REVIEWS

• 5th step
Calculation of WQI

n - number of chemical parameters measured in each well water sample

LITERATURE REVIEWS

• RESULTS
LITERATURE REVIEWS
• Titus Cooray ; Yuansong Wei ; Hui Zhong ;Libing Zheng ; Sujithra K. Weragoda;
Rohan Weerasooriya (2019) Assessment of Groundwater Quality in CKDu Affected
Areas of Sri Lanka: Implications for Drinking Water Treatment.International journal
of Environmental Research and Public Health
In this literature
• investigate groundwater quality in the CKDu affected area
composite water quality index (WQI) based on WHO guidelines and Sri Lankan
Water Quality (SLS614:2013) Standards were calculated
• Two sets of samples (wet and dry condition) were collected from different CKDu
prevailing Divisional Secretariat Divisions of Anuradhapura district such as high ,
moderate and mild Divisional Secretariat and for the comparison some samples were
taken from monaragala and kandy
• Reason - obtain a uniform distribution of sampling locations through the study area
LITERATURE REVIEWS

• Analytical Procedures
Na, K, Al, Ca, Mg, Fe,pH, EC, alkalinity, turbidity,DOC were taken
Water Quality Index

Wi - relative weight of ith parameter

qi - quality rating
LITERATURE REVIEWS
LITERATURE REVIEWS

• Li pei-yue;Qian Hui ; Wu Jian – Hua (2010) Groundwater Quality

Assessment Based on Improved Water Quality Index in Pengyang
County, Ningxia, Northwest China. E-Journal of Chemistry , 7(S1),
S209-S216
In this literature
• Assess the groundwater quality in Pengyang County based on an
improved water quality index
• Groundwater samples were collected from 74 locations
 LITERATURE REVIEWS
• Each of the groundwater samples was analyzed for 26 parameters including
carbonate, bicarbonate, chloride, sulphate, phosphate, calcium, magnesium,
sodium, kalium, pH, COD,TDS, total hardness (TH), nitrate, ammonia
nitrogen, fluoride, total iron, total alkalinity, total acidity, chroma, arsenic,
iodine, aluminum, nitrite, metasillicio acid and free carbon dioxide
• Calculation of water quality index
1st step
• entropy weight was calculated and assigned to each parameter( The concept
of information entropy was first proposed by Shannon in 1948 )
LITERATURE REVIEWS

• Suppose there are m water samples taken to evaluate the water quality
(i=1,2,…,m). Each sample has ‘n’ evaluated parameters (j=1,2,…,n).
According to real data, eight value matrix X can be constructed
LITERATURE REVIEWS

• According to attribution of every index, the feature indexes may be

divided into four types: efficiency type, cost type, fixed type and
interval type. For the efficiency type, the construction function of
normalization is
LITERATURE REVIEWS

• While for the cost type, the construction function of normalization is

• After transform, the standard-grade matrix Y can be obtained and

shown
LITERATURE REVIEWS

• Then the ratio of index value of the j index and in i sample is

• information entropy is expressed by the formula

LITERATURE REVIEWS

• entropy weight can be calculated with the below formula

• 2nd step
assign a quality rating scale (qj)
LITERATURE REVIEWS

• 3rd step
Calculation of WQI
REFERENCES

• MGYL Mahagamage., SDM Chinthaka ., PM Manage (2016) Assessment of water

quality index for groundwater in the kelani river basin, Sri Lanka International
Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Research. Volume:02, lssue:05

• P. A. S. A. Rathnasri ;Pathmalal M. Manage (2015) Evaluation of Groundwater

Quality in Five Grama Divisions of Maharagama Urban Area Using Groundwater
Quality Index (WQI) (2015), International Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies
(IJMS) .Volume 2, Issue II

• Titus Cooray ; Yuansong Wei ; Hui Zhong ;Libing Zheng ; Sujithra K. Weragoda;
Rohan Weerasooriya (2019) Assessment of Groundwater Quality in CKDu Affected
Areas of Sri Lanka: Implications for Drinking Water Treatment.International journal
of Environmental Research and Public Health
REFERENCES

• Li pei-yue;Qian Hui ; Wu Jian – Hua (2010) Groundwater Quality Assessment

Based on Improved Water Quality Index in Pengyang County, Ningxia, Northwest
China. E-Journal of Chemistry , 7(S1), S209-S216
THANK YOU…