MIGRATION

Research
• The causes for migration to your country of choice.
• The consequences of migration to your country of choice.
• The consequences of migration and migration policies.
• Emigrate means to leave one's country to live in another.
• Immigrate is to come into another country to live permanently.
• Migrate is to move, like birds in the winter.
• An immigrant is a person who has immigrated—“moved to another
country, usually for permanent residence.”
• An emigrant, on the other hand, is “someone who leaves a country
or region.” A person is considered an emigrant as soon as they leave
with the intention to leave permanently (and not just to travel, for
example).
• The word migrant is particularly associated with workers, meaning a
person who continually moves from place to place to find work.
• Immigration, which is one of the most commonly used terms, is
defined as coming to a foreign country with the intention of
permanently living there.
• Emigration means relocation from the home country to another
country. One of the main reasons why people emigrate is to improve
their quality of life or their chances of employment.
• Migration- The permanent change of residence by an individual or
group.

• Emigration- Migration from a location

• Immigration- Migration to a location
Migration is defined as the permanent or semi-permanent change of
residence of an individual or group of people over a significant
distance.
So, the term migration refers to the movement of people from one
place to another.
United Nations Organization's Definition:
Migration is a form of geographical mobility(the ability to move freely)
of a population between a geographical unit to another, generally
involving a permanent change of residence.
• Since the earliest times, humanity has been on the move. Human beings in
their early stages went in search of a better place to live with abundant
food, water and shelter. This search gave rise to migration.
• Since the early men were unaware of agriculture, when food becomes
scarce in a particular place, they shifted to another place. In this way,
"Human Migration" started and maintained a close relationship with
humankind.
• When humans started agriculture, they lived a settled life leaving the
nomadic(A nomad is a person with no settled home, moving from place to
place as a way of obtaining food, finding pasture for livestock, or otherwise
making a living.) lifestyle or forest-dwelling with domesticated animals in
the fertile regions. They started living in permanent settlements leaving the
nomadic life. During this stage, people continued to move in search of
fertile land for cultivation from one region to another.
Types of migration
(i) Internal migration: The movement of people within a country, i.e. within the
political boundaries, is known as internal migration.
In other words, internal migration refers to a change of residence within national
boundaries, i.e. inter-state, inter-province(REGION), inter-city, or municipalities.
Internal migration is further classified into four categories.
• Rural to Urban Migration: The movement of population from rural areas to the
nearby towns and cities mainly in search of better livelihood and standard of
living, i.e. employment, education and recreation facilities.
• Urban to Urban Migration: The migration between one urban center to the
other in search of higher salaries and a new market for business opportunities.
• Rural to Rural Migration: Mostly sociological factors like marriage, and
sometimes in search of fertile land for cultivation.
• Urban to Rural Migration: The movement from urban centers to rural areas to
get rid-off the urban problems and returning to native place after retirement
from jobs.
(ii) International migration: Migration that occurs across the national
boundaries, i.e. from one country to another, is known as international
migration.
research
• Biggest migration waves in history. What caused them? What was
their consequences?
Causes of Migration

• People in India migrate from rural to urban areas for a variety of reasons,
including poverty, high population pressure on the land, and a lack of basic
infrastructures such as health care and education.
• Natural disasters such as floods, droughts, cyclonic storms, earthquakes,
tsunamis, wars, and local conflicts, in addition to these factors, provide an
additional push to migrate.
• The majority of rural migrants to urban areas are attracted by better
opportunities, the availability of regular work, and relatively higher wages.
• Better educational opportunities, health care facilities, and entertainment
options, among other things, are all significant factors.
Types of Migration

Internal Migration
Internal migration is the movement of people within a country from
one defined area to another.
• Rural to Rural
Marriage ceremonies and working as agricultural laborers are the two
main reasons for this migration.
Government decisions can sometimes have a significant impact.
• Rural to Urban
Rates of urbanization have an impact on wage disparities between rural and
urban areas, as well as an increase in demand for labor in urban areas, which can
drive up urban wages and increase migration.
• Urban to Urban
This migration takes place in stages, with people moving from rural areas to small
towns and then to larger cities
The majority of urban to urban migration occurs in search of better opportunities
and a higher standard of living.
It is dominated by middle-class individuals.
• Urban to Rural
It occurs at a high level of urbanization when cities are characterized by
overcrowding, haphazard growth, and high living costs.
The technical term for this migratory movement is "counter-current migration".
International Migration (World Migration)
The movement of people across international borders for the purpose
of settling is known as international migration.
International migrants relocate from one country to another on a
regular basis.
Shorter stays in another country should not be classified as permanent
international migration, according to the United Nations.
When passengers arrive in a country, they are asked whether they plan
to stay for less than 3 months, in which case they are classified as
visitors; between 3 and 12 months, in which case they are classified as
short-term migrants; or for 12 months or more, in which case they are
classified as long-term migrants.
Advantages and disadvantages of migration

Migration can bring advantages and disadvantages to the country

which is losing people and also to the host country.
Advantages
Money sent home by migrants
Decreases pressure on jobs and
resources
Migrants may return with new
skills
Disadvantages
People of working age move out
reducing the size of the
country's potential workforce
Gender imbalances are caused
as it is typically men who seek
to find employment elsewhere.
'Brain drain' if many skilled
workers leave
UK migration

Migrants come to the UK from a variety of countries. People from the UK also
emigrate to countries around the world. Immigration is not new and the UK has
been a multicultural society for thousands of years. Many people in the UK are
descended from previous settlers and invaders such as the Romans, Vikings,
Saxons and Normans.
Recent migrants include people from other European countries such as Poland.
Any European Union resident is usually free to work in other European Union
countries. This freedom of movement has encouraged migration.
Another type of migrant is an asylum seeker, someone who has been forced to
leave their own country because they are in danger, e.g fleeing as a result of
their religious beliefs or the danger of war.
What are the impacts of migration?
Positive impacts on the destination location
• Workers will work for low wages and are prepared to do jobs that local
people do not want.
• Increased cultural diversity.
• Skills gaps are filled.
• Boost to the local economy.
• Government tax revenues increase.
• Public services can benefit from an influx(an arrival or entry of large
numbers of people or things.) of qualified staff, e.g. doctors and nurses.
Negative impacts on the destination location
• Pressure on public services such as schools, housing, and healthcare
• Overcrowding
• Language and cultural barriers can exist
• Increased levels of pollution
• Increased pressure on natural resources
• Racial tensions and discrimination
• Local people can miss out on jobs due to increased competition from
migrants.
• Migrant groups may not assimilate into local communities.
Positive impacts on the origin location
• Unemployment can reduce as there is less competition for jobs.
• Less pressure on natural resources, including food and water.
• When migrants return, they bring new skills and knowledge.
• There is less pressure on services such as education and healthcare.
• Money is often sent back to family and friends, boosting the local
economy.
Negative impacts on the origin location
• There are fewer people to pay tax.
• Fewer skilled migrants, as those with skills and education, tend to be the
people who migrate.
• Borders separate families.
Positive impacts of migration on migrants
• The opportunity to get a better job.
• Improved quality of life.
• Safety from conflict.
• The opportunity for a better education.
Negative impacts of migration on migrants
• Migrants may run out of money.
• Issues communicating due to language barriers.
• Issues securing accommodation or housing on arrival.
• Illness due to not being able to access healthcare.
• Migrants may experience racism.
Migration and Crime
• Numerous persons migrate to host countries to flee harsh living
conditions, war crimes, and other human rights violations occurring in
their country of origin.
HOMEWORK
REASONS FOR MIGRATION
Reasons for migration
Safety Factors
Persecution and discrimination based on nationality, race, religion,
political beliefs, or membership status in a particular social group will
prompt people to move large distances in search of a safer living
location where they can have freedom over their lives. Danger can be
imposed upon individuals by something formal, like war , or informal,
such as widespread gang activity.
Economic Factors
It is believed that in economic migration people move from poorer developing
areas into richer areas where wages are higher and more jobs are available. It
is also common for people from rural areas to move to more competitive urban
areas in order to find more opportunities.
Environmental Factors
Environmental factors cause displacement, or the forced movement of people
by social or environmental factors. Crop failure for example, often results in
both food scarcity and a drop in agricultural jobs, prompting people to move to a
place with better job opportunities and climate. Pollution of water, air and soil
in both urban and rural settings can also create a serious health risk to locals,
forcing them to look for a better life for themselves and their children.
Devastating natural disasters such as tsunamis, hurricanes and earthquakes
are environmental factors.
Social Factors
Social factors motivating migration grow from the human needs and
desires to achieve a better quality of life. Migrants often move to
ensure better opportunities for themselves or their family, like
sending their child to a better, safer school or finding a job that would
have not only a sufficient salary, but also important benefits and career
growth prospects. Individuals can also migrate in search of services,
such as life-saving surgery and medical treatment that are
inaccessible in their home area.