MANGLA DAM RAISING PROJECT

CASE STUDY BY ENGR. NAJMUS SAQIB REHMANI

IRRIGATION & POWER DEPARTMENT
 MANGLA DAM RAISING PROJECT
PROJECT LAYOUT
PROPOSED MIRPUR
BYPASS ROAD

KAKRA
DAM

PROPOSED SADDLE JARI DAM

CONTROL WEIR EMBANKMENT

EMERGENCY
SPILLWAY SUKIAN DYKE

POWER INTAKES
MAIN SPILLWAY
POWER STATION
MAIN DAM

INTAKE EMBANKMENT

POWER HOUSE BYPASS ROAD

(UNDER CONSTRUCTION)
 MANGLA DAM RAISING PROJECT
HISTORY
 MANGLA DAM WAS ORIGINALLY CONCEIVED IN 1950
 CREATION OF DAM INVESTIGATION CIRCLE BY G.O.P. FOR
INVESTIGATION & FEASIBILITY STUDIES IN 1952
 PROJECT PLANNING REPORT COMPLETED BY CONSULTANT IN
1958.
 INCLUDED IN INDUS BASIN PROJECT AFTER SIGNATURE OF
INDUS BASIN TREATY.
 AWARD ON CONTRACT JANUARY 20, 1962
 CONSTRUCTION 1962 - 1967
 FIRST IMPOUNDING FEBRUARY 21, 1967.
 MANGLA DAM PROJECT
HISTORY

Constructed: 1962 – 1967

Contractor: A Consortium of 8 Companies lead by

Guy F. Atkinson Co. (USA)

Consultants: Binnie & Partners (UK)

Harza Engineering Co. International (USA)

Preece Cardew & Rider (UK)

Total Cost: US $ 1473 Million

Resettlement Cost: US $ 90 Million

Quantity: Earthfill 145 M Cu Yd

Concrete 20 M Cu Yd

Provision kept for 40 ft Raising at Additional Cost of US $ 18 Million

 MANGLA DAM RAISING PROJECT
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM -- INDUS BASIN IRRIGATION SYSTEM
WESTREN RIVERS EASTREN RIVERS
Tarbela
Reservoir
Mangla
11.1 MAF
Reservoir
5.88 MAF
 MANGLA DAM RAISING PROJECT
WATER SECTOR ISSUES

 WATER SCARCITY

 WATER ESCAPAGE TO SEA

 NEED FOR ADDITIONAL RESERVOIRS

 SAFE DISPOSAL OF DRAINAGE EFFLUENT TO SEA

 MINING OF GROUND WATER

 SEEPAGE LOSSES IN IRRIGATION SYSTEM

 MANGLA DAM RAISING PROJECT
WATER AVAILABILITY IN PAKISTAN

AVAILABILITY 155.7 MAF

USES
ABOVE RIM STATIONS 5.7 MAF
CANAL DIVERSION 105.4 MAF
TOTAL 111.1 MAF

BALANCE AVAILABLE 44.6 MAF

 MANGLA DAM RAISING PROJECT
NEED FOR ADDITIONAL RESERVOIRS

 WATER-SHORT LAND-RICH COUNTRY

 RAPIDLY INCREASING POPULATION

 DEPLETING ON-LINE STORAGES

 LARGE ESCAPAGES OF UNCONTROLLED FLOOD

FLOWS INTO SEA

 EFFECTIVE RIVER REGULATION AND INTEGRATED

WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT NEEDED
 MANGLA DAM RAISING PROJECT

 Development of Water Storage at Standstill Since

1976
 Storage Capacity Only 11% of Total Surface Water
 Available Capacity Depleting Fast Due to
Sedimentation
 Current Canal Diversions 106 MAF

Need by Year 2025 165 MAF

 22.5 Million Acres Cultivable Land Available for
Development
 MANGLA DAM RAISING PROJECT
ESCAPAGE BELOW KOTRI
(HYDROLOGICAL YEAR FROM APRIL TO MARCH)
100
91.83

81.49
80.59
80
Annual Discharge (MAF)

69.08
62.76

60
52.86 53.29

AVG.(35.20) 45.91 45.40

42.34

40
30.39 29.81 29.55 29.11 35.15
33.79 26.90

20.10 20.79
17.53
20 17.22

9.68 10.98
8.83

2.32
0.77 1.93
0

*02-03
76-77

77-78

78-79

79-80

80-81

81-82

82-83

83-84

84-85

85-86

86-87

87-88

88-89

89-90

90-91

91-92

92-93

94-95

95-96

96-97

97-98

98-99

00-01

01-02
93-94

99-00
Years
* Upto Dec. 20, 2002
 MANGLA DAM RAISING PROJECT
RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION (MAF)
STORAGE LOSS BY
ORIGINAL STORAGE STORAGE LOSS BY THE
RESERVOIR YEAR 2010
CAPACITY (MAF) YEAR 2002 (MAF)
(PROJECTED) (MAF)

TARBELA 11.62 (1974) 2.93 (25%) 3.95 (34%)

MANGLA 5.88 (1967) 1.16 (20%) 1.60 (27%)

CHASHMA 0.87 (1971) 0.37 (43%) 0.48 (55%)

TOTAL 18.37 4.46 (24%) 6.03 (33%)

 MANGLA DAM RAISING PROJECT

INCREASING WATER AVAILABILITY ON FAST TRACK

 Water Crisis Demands Immediate Addition in Storage

Capacity
 Mangla Raising Project Ready for Implementation on
Fast Track
 It can Substantially Increase Water Availability (2.9
MAF)
 No Other Project of this Size is Ready for
Implementation
 MANGLA DAM RAISING PROJECT
BENEFITS OF RAISING MANGLA

 2.9 MAF Average Annual Increase in Water

Availability
 644 GWh Increase in Energy
 Effective Flood Control
 Job Opportunities
 Revival of Economy
 FLOOD SPILLAGE (MAF)

0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
1967-68
1968-69
1969-70
1970-71
1971-72
1972-73
1973-74
1974-75
1975-76

Average = 4.13 MAF

1976-77
1977-78
1978-79
1979-80
1980-81
1981-82
1982-83
1983-84
1984-85
1985-86
1986-87
1987-88
1988-89
1989-90
1990-91
1991-92
WATER YEAR (APRIL TO MARCH)

1992-93
1993-94
1994-95
HISTORIC FLOOD SPILLAGES

1995-96
1996-97
1997-98
1998-99
1999-00
2000-01
2001-02
2002-03
 HISTORIC INFLOWS AT MANGLA

Catchment: 12,987 miles2 (33,636 km2)

Av. Annual Rainfall: 45 inches (1143 mm)
35
Max. 33 maf

30

25 Av. 22.9 maf

Inflows (MAF)

20

15
Min. 12 maf
10

Years
Source: WAPDA Water Wing Mangla
 RESERVOIR FILLING (%)

10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90

0
100
1967-68
1968-69
1969-70
1970-71
1971-72
1972-73
1973-74
1974-75
1975-76
1976-77
1977-78
1978-79
1979-80
1980-81
1981-82
1982-83
1983-84
1984-85
1985-86
1986-87
1987-88
1988-89
WATER YEAR (APRIL TO MARCH) 1989-90
1990-91
AVERAGE FILLING = 97 %

1991-92
1992-93
1993-94
1994-95
1995-96
1996-97
1997-98
1998-99
HISTORIC RESERVOIR FILLING

1999-00
2000-01
2001-02
2002-03
Year
Water

2000-01
1999-00
1985-86
1974-75
1971-72
1970-71

2001-02
Average

Source: WAPDA Water Wing

(%)
Filling
of Reservoir
Partial Filling

83%
85%
83%
97%
69%
80%
91%

75%
 RESERVOIR FILLINGS
25
PRE-RAISING POST-RAISING
100% Filling = 30 out of 37 years (81%) 100% Filling = 27 out of 37 years (73 %)
Av. of Partial Filling = 83 % Av. of Partial Filling = 80 %
Av. Filling (37 years) = 97 % Av. Filling (37 years) = 93 %
20

CONSTRUCTION PERIOD
Raised
Reservoir
15 Existing
Reservoir
MAF

10

2.6 MAF
1.5 MAF
Sediment Deposition
0
1969-70

1979-80

1987-88

1991-92

1997-98
1999-00
2001-02

2009-10

2013-14

2018-19

2022-23
2024-25

2028-29

2032-33

2037-38

2046-47
1967-68

1971-72
1973-74
1975-76
1977-78

1981-82
1983-84
1985-86

1989-90

1993-94
1995-96

2003-04
2005-06
2007-08

2011-12

2016-17

2020-21

2026-27

2030-31

2035-36

2039-40
2041-42
2044-45
WATER YEAR (APRIL TO MARCH)
 MANGLA DAM RAISING PROJECT

MANGLA RAISING
 30 Ft. Raising of Dam (Permits 40 Ft. Raising of Reservoir Level)
 Provision for Raising upto 40 Ft. was Kept in Dam Foundations at
a Cost of $ 18 Million
 Existing Main Spillway Designed for Raised Mangla, Only Gravity
Wall to be Raised
 No Alteration Needed in Emergency Spillway
 All the Ten Power Units Cater for Raised Mangla Conditions
 MANGLA DAM RAISING PROJECT

NEED FOR RAISING MANGLA DAM

Since its Completion, Capacity of Mangla

Dam has Reduced by 20%

For Optimum Utilization of Jhelum River

Water Resources it is Necessary to
Regain Lost Storage Capacity and also
Make Provision for the Future
Sedimentation
 MANGLA DAM RAISING PROJECT
ALTERNATIVES TO MANGLA RAISING

 Development of Small Storage Reservoirs

Upstream of Mangla

 Desilting of Reservoir
 MANGLA DAM RAISING PROJECT
DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL STORAGE RESERVOIRS
UPSTREAM MANGLA

Small storage potential, large displacement of

population render these sites unfeasible

Due to steep gradient, sites only suited for run

of the river hydropower projects
 MANGLA DAM RAISING PROJECT
DESILTING OF RESERVOIR
Sediment Deposited - 2 Billion Tons
Equals Earthfill of 22 Mangla Dams
22000 x 10 Ton Trucks Operating Round the Clock will take 5 Years
for Desilting
Annual Sediment Deposition - 57 Million Tons
Permanent Deployment of 3000x10 Ton Trucks Round the Clock to
Remove Annual Sediment
A Large Number of Dredgers and Barges Required
500 Sq Km Area Required for Disposal of Silt
Desilting on Such a Large Scale not Undertaken anywhere in the
World
Estimated cost for desilting was Rs. 290 billion
Economically and Environmentally Not Viable

Source: WAPDA Water Wing

 MANGLA DAM RAISING PROJECT
DAM RAISING OPTIONS
DAM HOUSES COST
ADDITIONAL
RAISING POPULATION & LAND (BaseCost
WATER EIRR
(Ft.) OTHER +IDC)
(Persons) AVAILABILITY (%)
BUILDINGS (Acres)
(MAF)
(No.) (B.Rs.)
Not
10 25,300 4,100 6,390 1.8 Worked -
Out
Not
Worked
20 34,600 6,042 11,020 2.5 Out -

30 43,791 8,023 15,783 2.9 62.5 18

40 50,919 9,447 20,048 3.1 82.5 16

 MANGLA DAM RAISING PROJECT
THE RAISING PROJECT
Dam Raising 30 ft (9 m)

Additional Annual Water Availability 2.88 MAF (3.55 km3)

Additional Annual Power Generation 644 GWh

Land Affected 15780 Acres (6400 Hectares)

Population Affected 44000

Houses Affected 8000

Project Cost Rs. 62.5 billion (US$ 1 billion)

EIRR 18%
Award of Contract June 20, 2004
(Main Works – Dam Raising)

Target Completion September 19, 2007

 MANGLA DAM RAISING PROJECT
ENGINEERING CONSULTANTS
MANGLA JOINT VENTURE (MJV)

NESPAK (Lead Firm)

ACE
Barqaab
Binnie Black & Veatch (UK)
Montgomery Watson Harza (MWH) USA

Associates:
 Techno - Consult, Karachi
 Associates in Development (AID), Peshawar
 Pakistan Architect & Consulting Engineers (PACE), Hyderabad
 MANGLA DAM RAISING PROJECT

CONSTRUCTION OF MAIN WORKS

Commencement Date: June 20, 2004

Completion Date: September 19, 2007

Contract Price: Rs. 13,794 Million

Contractor: CWE Joint Venture

Lead Firm: •China International Water and Electric
Corporation (44%)
Local Partners: • Descon (31%)
• Ashraf D. Baluch (13%)
• Interconstruct (7%)
• Gammon (3%)
• Sachal Engineering (2%)
 MANGLA DAM RAISING PROJECT
PHYSICAL PROGRESS OF DAM RAISING WORKS
STATUS AS OF APRIL 30, 2006
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
ACTIVITIES
J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J

CONSTRUCTION OF
SADDLE 100% / 100%
EMBANKMENT
( Rs. 9.37 Million )

CONSTRUCTION OF
POWER HOUSE
BYPASS ROAD AND 80.00% / 100%
BRIDGE ON BONG
CANAL
( Rs. 106.81 Million )

Planned Progress Actual Progress

•The main reason for delay in the construction of bong canal bridge/road is slow
mobilization of contractor’s resources.
 MANGLA DAM RAISING PROJECT
MAJOR COMPONENTS OF MAIN WORKS

 RAISING OF MAIN DAM AND INTAKE EMBANKMENT

 RAISING OF SUKIAN DYKE

 RAISING OF JARI DAM AND RIM WORKS

 RAISING OF MAIN SPILLWAY HEAD WORKS AND

SILL LEVEL OF ITS ORIFICES

 CONSTRUCTION OF CONTROL WEIR UPSTREAM OF

EMERGENCY SPILLWAY

 CONSTRUCTION OF MIRPUR BYPASS ROAD

 MANGLA DAM RAISING PROJECT
PROJECT LAYOUT
PROPOSED MIRPUR
BYPASS ROAD

KAKRA
DAM

PROPOSED SADDLE JARI DAM

CONTROL WEIR EMBANKMENT

EMERGENCY
SPILLWAY SUKIAN DYKE

POWER INTAKES
MAIN SPILLWAY
POWER STATION
MAIN DAM

INTAKE EMBANKMENT

POWER HOUSE BYPASS ROAD

(UNDER CONSTRUCTION)
MANGLA DAM RAISING PROJECT
MAIN DAM

STAGE 1 STAGE 2

STAGE 3 STAGE 4
 MANGLA DAM RAISING PROJECT
MAIN DAM
STATUS AS OF SEPTEMBER 30, 2006

% age Achieved
Total Quantityas per
Placed Quantity with respect to Balance Quantities
Construction Stages Construction Drawings Remarks
(Cu Yd) the Total (Cu Yd)
(Cu Yd)
Quantity
Stage - 1 8,650,000 7,828,005 90.50% 821,995 Last 9 Months progress achieved is 97%
Stage - 2 (Excavation of Crest) 927,000 0 927,000 of planned.
Workshop facilities are being improved,
Stage - 3 2,644,000 0 2,644,000
however break down are frequent.
Stage - 4 1,253,000 0 1,253,000 Existing processing / crushing units are
Embankment Fill 12,547,000 7,828,005 62.4% 4,718,995 working satisfactorily but production is
Intake Toe Weight 2,800,000 0 2,800,000 less than required
Upstream Blanket 113,500 100,877 88.88% 12,623 Newly installed processing plant is not
functioning properly
Relocated Roads 280,000 135,595 48.43% 144,405 One more crushing plant has started
West Embankment 120,000 0 120,000 functioning
Overall progress of production of filters is
Total Fill 15,860,500 8,064,477 50.85% 7,796,023 less than required.
 MANGLA DAM RAISING PROJECT
JARI DAM

STAGE 1 STAGE 2

STAGE 3 STAGE 4
 MANGLA DAM RAISING PROJECT
RAISED MAIN SPILLWAY

RAISED SPILLWAY
RAISED RESERVOIR

EL 1264
EL 1242
EL 1234
EL 1202

EXISTING FLOOR TO BE
RESERVOIR RAISED BY 5 FT
GATE
EL 1069

FOUNDATION ROCKS
MANGLA DAM RAISING PROJECT

CONTROL WEIR U/S OF EMERGENCY SPILLWAY

DETAIL 'D'
MANGLA DAM RAISING PROJECT
 MANGLA DAM RAISING PROJECT
OVER ALL IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE
STATUS AS OF SEPTEMBER 30, 2006
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
COMPONENT
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
JUL 2002 JAN 2005
PREPARATORY WORKS
(452 MILLION Rs.)
Saddle Embankment, Power House
Bypass Road and Bridge Over Bong 93.0% / 100%
Canal & Staff Hostels etc.

JUN 2004 SEP 2007

MAIN WORKS
(13,794 Million Rs)
38.0% / 64.24%

JAN 2003 SEP 2007

RESETTLEMENT
(26,257 Million Rs.)
50.71% / 70.50%

JUL 2002 SEP 2007

OVERALL PROGRESS
47.0% / 68.70%

PLANNED ACTUAL
MANGLA DAM RAISING PROJECT
RESETTLEMENT
 MANGLA DAM RAISING PROJECT
SCOPE OF RESETTLEMENT

LAND ACQUISITION 15780 Acres

POPULATION 44000

HOUSES & OTHER BUILDINGS 8000

COST COMPONENTS ( EXCLUDING IDC )

COMPENSATION FOR LAND

& OTHER WORKS 15 Billion Rs.

COMPENSATION FOR HOUSES 5 Billion Rs.

COST OF RESETTLEMENT WORKS 6 Billion Rs.

 MANGLA DAM RAISING PROJECT
MANGLA RESERVOIR

CHOHAN

KHARAK

Reservoir Periphery 250 Miles (400 Km)

Reservoir Area 100 Sq Miles (257 Sq. km)
Expanded Area 25 Sq Miles (64 Sq. km)