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04 - Geoteknik Tambang - Supandi - Penyelidikan Lapangan
04 - Geoteknik Tambang - Supandi - Penyelidikan Lapangan
04 - Geoteknik Tambang - Supandi - Penyelidikan Lapangan
GEOTEKNIK TAMBANG
PENYELIDIKAN GEOTEKNIK
September 2013
SUPANDI, ST, MT
supandisttnas@gmail.com
GEOTEKNIK TAMBANG
Jurusan : Teknik Pertambangan
Kode : AS7446P
Mata Kuliah : Geoteknik Tambang
SKS : 2 SKS
Semester : VII
Waktu Perkuliahan : 2 x 50 menit
Dosen Pengampu : Supandi – ST. MT
Sistem Perkuliahan :
Penilaian : a. Tugas, presentasi dan Diskusi, Quiz,
20%
b. Ujian Tengah Semester (UTS)
30%
c. Ujian akhir semester (UAS) 50%
Range Nilai : 0-20,9 = E ; 21-44 = D ; 45-60.9 = C ;
61 – 80 = B ; 81 – 100 = A
Contact Person : supandisttnas@gmail.com
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Textbook
1. John Read and Peter Stacey, 2009, Guidelines fr Open
Pit Slope Design, CRC Press.
2. William A Hustrulid, Michael K.McCarter and Dirk J.A Van
Zyl, 2000, Slope Stability in Surface Mining, Society for
Mining Mettalurgy and Exploration Inc.
3. Ducan C Wyllie & Christopher W Mah, 2007-4th Edition,
Rock Slope Engineering, Spon Press.
4. Charles A Kliche, 1999, Rock Slope Stability, Society for
Mining Mettalurgy and Exploration Inc.
5. E. Hoek & J.W Bray, 1994, Rock Slope Engineering,
Institute of Mining and Metalurgy.
6. Roy E. Hunt, 2007, Geotechnical Investigation
Methods, CRC Press.
7. Roy E Hunt, 2007, Geologic Hazards, CRC Press.
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SITE INVESTIGATION
- philosophy
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The general objective of an exploration program is to identify all of
the significant features of the geologic environment that may impact
on the proposed construction. Specific objectives are to:
1.Define the lateral distribution and thickness of soil and rock strata within
the zone of influence of the proposed construction.
2.Define groundwater conditions considering seasonal changes and the
effects of construction or development extraction.
3.Identify geologic hazards, such as unstable slopes, faults, ground
subsidence and collapse, floodplains, regional seismicity, and lahars.
4.Procure samples of geologic materials for the identification, classification,
and measurement of engineering properties.
5.Perform in situ testing to measure the engineering properties of the
geologic Materials.
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Methodology
Three general categories subdivide exploration methodology:
1.Surface mapping of geologic conditions, which requires review of
reports and publications, interpretation of topographic and geographic
maps, remote-sensing imagery, and site reconnaissance.
2.Subsurface sectioning (Section 1.3), for which data are obtained by
geophysical prospecting, test and core borings, and excavations and
soundings
3.Sampling the geologic materials, utilizing test and core borings and
excavations
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Surface Mapping
General - Objectives
Data Base
For all sites it is important to determine the general geologic conditions and
identify significant development and construction constraints. For large study
areas it is useful to prepare a map illustrating the surficial and shallow
geologic conditions.
Taking into account the hazards and constraints, the optimum location for the
proposed construction is selected, and the planning of the site investigation
then begins.
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Methodology
A geologic reconnaissance study may advance through a number of steps
as described briefly in Figure 1.1, including:
1.Research of reference materials and collection of available data.
2.Terrain analysis based on topographic maps and the interpretation of
remotely sensed imagery.
3.Preparation of a preliminary engineering geology map (large land areas).
4.Site reconnaissance to confirm initial data, and, for large areas,
amplification of the engineering geology map, after which it is prepared in
final form.
5.Preparation of a subsurface exploration program based on the anticipated
conditions.
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Research Data
Basic Objectives
A large amount of information is often available in the literature for a
given location. A search should be made to gather as much data as
possible before initiating any exploration work, particularly when large
sites are to be studied, or when the site is located in a region not familiar
to the design team. Information should be obtained on:
1.Bedrock geology, including major structural features such as faults.
2.Surficial geology in terms of soil types on a regional or, if possible,
local basis.
3.Climatic conditions, which influence soil development, groundwater
occurrence and fluctuations, erosion, flooding, slope failures, etc.
4.Regional seismicity and earthquake history.
5.Geologic hazards, both regional and local, such as ground subsidence
and collapse, slope failures, floods, and lahars.
6.Geologic constraints, both regional and local, such as expansive soils,
weak soils, shallow rock, groundwater, etc.
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Subsurface Exploration
Objectives
1.To confirm or supplement the engineering geology map showing
shallow and surficial distributions of the various formations.
2.To determine the subsurface distribution of the geologic materials and
groundwater conditions.
3.To obtain samples of the geologic materials for identification and
laboratory testing.
4.To obtain in situ measurements of engineering properties
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Recovery of Samples and Cores
Objectives
Samples of geologic materials are recovered to allow detailed examination for
identification and classification, and to provide specimens for laboratory
testing to obtain data on their physical and engineering properties.
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Sampler Selection
A number of factors are considered in the selection of samplers,
including:
1.Sample use, which varies from general determination of material (wash
sampler), to examination of material and fabric and in situ testing (split-
barrel sampler), to performing laboratory index tests (split-barrel
sampler), and to carrying out laboratory engineering-properties tests
(UD).
2.Soil type, since some samplers are suited only for particular conditions,
such as soft to firm soils vs. hard soils.
3.Rock conditions, since various combinations of rock bits and core
barrels are used, depending on rock type and quality and the amount of
recovery required.
4.Surface conditions, which vary from land or quiet water to shallow or
deep water with moderate to heavy swells.
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Measurement of Properties
Objectives
The properties of geologic materials are measured to provide the basis for:
1.Identification and classification.
2.Correlations between properties including measurements made during
other investigations in similar materials.
3.Engineering analysis and evaluations.
Index Properties
Index properties define certain physical characteristics used basically for
classifications, and also for correlations with engineering properties.
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Hydraulic Properties
Hydraulic properties, expressed in terms of permeability, are engineering
properties. They concern the flow of fluids through geologic media.
Mechanical Properties
Rupture strength and deformation characteristics are mechanical
properties. They are also engineering properties, and are grouped as static
or dynamic.
Correlations
Measurements of hydraulic and mechanical properties, which provide the
basis for all engineering analyses, are often costly or difficult to obtain with
reliable accuracy. Correlations based on basic or index properties, with
data obtained from other investigations in which extensive testing was
employed or engineering properties were evaluated by back-analysis of
failures, provide data for preliminary engineering studies as well as a check
on the reasonableness of data obtained during investigation
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Rock masses are usually tested in situ to measure their engineering
properties, as well as their basic properties. In situ tests in rock masses,
their applications, and their limitations are summarized in Table 2.4.
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Drilling and trial pitting are normally carried out for a number of reasons,
such as:
1. to establish the general nature of the strata below a site;
2. to establish the vertical or lateral variability of soil conditions;
3. to verify the interpretation of geophysical surveys;
4. to obtain samples for laboratory testing;
5. to allow in situ tests to be carried out; and
6. to install instruments such as piezometers, or extensometers
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OPERASI
• MENILAI BAGAIMANA KONDISI GEOTEKNIK
SELAMA PENYELIDIKAN AWAL APAKAH SESUAI
PERANCANGAN PARAMETER KELAYAKAN.
• MENYUSUN DAN MELAKSANAKAN SECARA TERUS
MENERUS PENGUMPULAN DATA SEBAGAI BAGIAN
DARI GEOLOGI PERTAMBANGAN DAN GEOTEKNIK.
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• MELAKSANAKAN PEMANTAUAN LERENG.
• RANCANGAN DAN MELAKSANAKAN RENCANA
HIDROGEOLOGI, MEMANTAU DEBIT ALIRAN AIR
ATAU AIR BAWAH TANAH.
• TERUS MENERUS MERUBAH PERANCANGAN
LERENG SELAMA UMUR TAMBANG SEPERTI
PERUBAHAN KONDISI GEOTEKNIS ATAU KARENA
ALASAN EKONOMI.
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HUB MINE DEVELOPMENT AND GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION
MAIN SOUCRE
OF GEOTCHNICAL
PRELIMINARY PRE-FEASIBILITY FEASIBILITY DESIGN OPERATING
OR GROUNDWATER
KNOWLEDGE
EXPLORATION DATA
GEOTECHNICAL
INVESTIGATION
DRILLING
MAPPING
LABORATORY TESTING
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MINE YOGYAKARTA
GEOLOGY 28/10/22
TUJUAN UTAMA PENYELIDIKAN GEOTEKNIK
PADA TAHAP PRELIMINARY :
• MENGELOMPOKKAN UNIT-UNIT GEOLOGI DAN
STRUKTUR UNTUK MODEL GEOTEKNIK AWAL
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PRE-FEASIBILITY
• MENGELOMPOKKAN UNIT-UNIT GEOLOGI DAN
STRUKTUR UNTUK MODEL GEOTEKNIK AWAL
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FEASIBILITY
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OPERATING
• MENGAWALI PENYELIDIKAN UNTUK
MENGECEK PARAMETER KUNCI YANG
DIGUNAKAN DALAM TAHAP FEASIBILITY
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Open Pit Slope Design - Objectives
• The Challenge
– Design must ensure that a level of safety is achieved which is
acceptable to the owner and Regulatory bodies.
– Design must ensure security of the value embodied in the
orebody.
– Design must be economically optimal so that maximum return
is obtained from the investment.
Reduced Waste $
$$$
Orebody
Increased Ore
Extraction $$$$
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The Investigation
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• MEMBERI PERANCANGAN LERENG MENURUT
FALSAFAH YANG DISETUJUI OLEH PERENCANA
TAMBANG DAN PEMILIK PROYEK. SUDUT
PERANCANGAN LERENG TERGANTUNG PADA
PENGEMBANGAN TAMBANG, DENGAN
TOLERANSI SEBAGAI BERIKUT :
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72 Commercial in Confidence: © Technology and Innovation 28 October 2022
• MEMBERI PERANCANGAN LERENG SECARA
DETAIL TERMASUK TINGGI JENJANG, LEBAR
BERM, SUDUT JENJANG, INTERAMP DAN SUDUT
OVERALL PIT SLOPE MAKSIMUM PADA TIAP
BAGIAN PERANCANGAN TAMBANG.
• MEMBERI PERANCANGAN DETAIL UNTUK
EXTERNAL WASTE DUMPS.
• STRIP MINE (BATUBARA)
• MEMBERI PERANCANGAN DETAIL LERENG
TERMASUK: SUDUT HIGHWALL, SUDUT SPOIL
DUMP, PERANCANGAN PIT WASTE DUMP, SUDUT
LOW WALL, PERANCANGAN FOOTWALL, JARAK
DENGAN MESIN.
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• MEMPERKIRAKAN PENGERINGAN TAMBANG
TERMASUK DESAIN DETAIL, RANCANGAN,
SPESIFIKASI DAN BIAYA.
• BERSAMA DENGAN PERENCANA TAMBANG DAN
PARA AHLI GEOTEKNIK MEMASTIKAN
PERANCANGAN AIR BAWAH TANAH SESUAI DAN
TIDAK AKAN MERUGIKAN OPERASI
PENAMBANGAN.
• BERSAMA DENGAN PERENCANA TAMBANG
MERANCANG JALAN MASUK ANGKUTAN DAN
RESIKONYA SECARA EKONOMIS.
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• MEMBERI PETUNJUK PADA TEKNIK PELEDAKAN
AKHIR DAN PERALATAN YANG SESUAI.
• BERSAMA DENGAN PERENCANA TAMBANG
MEMILIH STAFF UNTUK MASALAH GEOTEKNIK
ATAU AIR BAWAH TANAH.
• RANCANGAN DAN BIAYA PROGRAM PEMANTAUAN
AIR BAWAH TANAH.
• LAPORAN YANG JELAS MENGENAI KELAYAKAN
PERTAMBANGAN YANG DIRENCANAKAN.
• MERANCANG DAN MEMANTAU PERALATAN YANG
DIGUNAKAN PADA OPERASI.
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KELAYAKAN
• PENYELIDIKAN GEOTEKNIK DAN HIDROGEOLOGI
DILAKUKAN LEBIH RINCI DAN SPESIFIK YANG
DISESUAIKAN DENGAN ALAT DAN METODA
PERTAMBANGAN.
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PRA KELAYAKAN
• GEOTEKNIK PENDAHULUAN, SAMPLING
HIDROGEOLOGI, DAN UJI.
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Urutan Penyelidikan
Relevan dengan upaya memenuhi ketersediaan
data atas tuntutan tadi, diperlukan sederetan
kronologi penyelidikan sbb :
• RECONNAISSANCE
• PRELIMINARY STUDY
• FEASIBILITY STUDY
• STUDY DURING CONSTRUCTION
• STUDY AFTER CONSTRUCTION (MAINTENANCE)
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MANFAAT
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TAHAP-TAHAP PERTAMBANGAN DAN
SASARAN GEOTEKNIK
• TAHAP PENDAHULUAN
• GEOLOGI YANG LUAS.
• MENGETAHUI GEOTEKNIK DAN AIR BAWAH
TANAH YANG MEMPENGARUHI PERTAMBANGAN.
• MENGETAHUI MODEL GEOLOGI.
• MEMBERI PETUNJUK PADA PEMAKAIAN SISTEM
PERTAMBANGAN YANG BERBEDA DAN
PERLENGKAPAN PADA SUATU ENDAPAN.
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• MEMBERI MASUKAN GEOTEKNIK PADA PROGRAM
EKSPLORASI.
• MEMBERI PETUNJUK PERANCANGAN LERENG.
• MENGETAHUI GEOTEKNIK DAN AIR BAWAH
TANAH YANG MEMPENGARUHI PERTAMBANGAN.
• RANCANGAN DAN SUSUNAN SPESIFIK MENGENAI
GEOTEKNIK DAN PROGRAM PENELITIAN AIR
BAWAH TANAH.
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OBJECTIVES
• Subsurface conditions
• Strength of foundation strata
• Settlement, deformation
• Groundwater level and quality
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Site investigation includes -
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Planning the investigation
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Sampling
B Tension zone
t
Compression
B zone B
Dw - B
inside clearance
B
t area ratio 10%
B
net projected area of sampler D 2w D e2
area ratio
projected area of sample core D e2
Dw
De
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A reasonable soil sample but is it
representative?
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Sample
liner
Auger
Sample
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Disturbed soil
sampling
esp. using
jackhammer
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Soil penetration tests
Soil penetration
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SPT
soil catchers
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SPT
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Cone Penetration Testing (CPT)
Pore water
pressure
sensor
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CPT
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CPT
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CPT, Cone Penetration Test
1 1 1
2 2 2
Depth (m)
3 3 3
4 4 4
5 5 5
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100
clayey silts,
sandy silts,
silty sands
silty clays
silts
sands
clays
• Correlation improved if
OCR taken into account
Shear strength of qc
max arctan 0.1 0.38 log
clean sands
vo
= fn (qc/vo)0.5
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Other Field Tests