GAS LAWS

REAL GASES VS. IDEAL GASES

 Particles in a REAL gas…
- have their own volume
- attract each other (intermolecular forces)
 Gas behavior is most ideal…
-at low pressures
- at high temperatures

2
 KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY

There are three main components to kinetic theory:

1. Perfectly elastic collisions, no energy is gained or lost when gas
molecules collide
2. Gas molecules take up no space they are so small
3. Gas molecules are in constant, linear, random motion
How does kinetic theory explain gas pressure?

 Gas pressure results from fast moving gas particles colliding with
the sides of a container

 More collisions = higher pressure

How does Temperature relate to Kinetic Theory?

Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of all the

particles in a gas

Higher Energy = Higher Temperature

 KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY
(KMT)
Through KMT, several Laws were developed to help calculate
the changes in pressure, temperature, and volume of gases.

There are 6 Basic Laws:

1. Boyle’s Law
2. Charles’ Law Combined Gas Law
3. Gay-Lussac’s Law
4. Avogadro’s Law
5. Ideal Gas Law – volume liters only
6. Dalton’s Law
 BOYLE’S LAW
Boyle’s Law – at constant temperature, the volume of the
gas increases as the pressure decreases. (and the volume of
the gas decreases and the pressure increases). They are
inversely related
V↑ P↓

V
o
P1V1 = P2V2
l
u If you squeeze a
m gas sample, you
e make its volume
L smaller.

Pressure (kPa)
1.) 2.00 L of a gas is at 740.0 mmHg pressure. What is its
volume at 760.0 mmHg pressure?

ANS. V2 = 1.95 L
 CHARLES’ LAW
Charles’ Law – at a constant pressure, the volume of a gas
increases as the temperature of the gas increases (and the volume
decreases when the temperature decreases). They are directly
related.

• increasing the
temperature of a gas V V1 = V2
o T1 T2
increases the speed of l
gas particles which u
collide more often and m
e
with more force causing
the walls of a flexible L
container expand. Think
of hot air balloons! Temperature (K)
2.) 4.40 L of a gas is collected at 50.0°C. What will be its
volume upon cooling to 25.0°C?

ANS. V2 = 4.06L
 GAY-LUSSAC’S LAW
Gay-Lussac’s Law – at a constant volume, the pressure of a gas
increases as the temperature of the gas increases (and the pressure
decreases when the temperature decreases). They are directly related.

P1 P2
=
T1 T2
Pressure
(atm)

Temperature (K)
3.) In a rigid container a gas has a pressure of 1.3 atm at
25°C. What is the pressure of the gas if it is heated to
45°C?

ANS. P2 = 1.4 atm

 COMBINED GAS LAW
A combination of Boyle’s, Charles’, and Gay-Lussac’s Laws

P1V1 P2V2
=
T1 T2

Note that all temperatures must be in

Kelvin!
4.) A gas occupies 2.0 L at 2.5 atm and 25ºC. What is it’s
volume if the temperature is increased to 33ºC and the
pressure is decreased to 1.5 atm?

ANS. V2 = 3.4 L
5.) A gas occupies 4.5 L at 1.3 atm and 35ºC. What is the
final temperature if the final volume of the gas is 3.2 L with
a pressure of 1.5 atm?

ANS. T2 = 253K
What is STP?
STP is the abbreviation for
standard temperature and
pressure.
Standard temperature is 273K
Standard pressure is 1 atm
 Avogadro's Law
Avogadro's Law is the relation which states that at the same temperature and pressure, equal
volumes of all gases contain the same number of molecules. The law was described by Italian
chemist and physicist Amedeo Avogadro in 1811.
5.) Say you have 5.00 L of a gas which contains 0.965 mol
of molecules. What will be the new volume of the gas if the
quantity is increased to 1.80 mol, assuming pressure and
temperature are held constant?

ANS. V2 = 1.33 L
 IDEAL GASES
• Gases whose behavior can be predicted by the kinetic molecular
theory are called ideal, or perfect, gases. No gases are truly ideal
because no gas totally obeys all of the gas laws.

• An ideal gas is an imaginary gas that is perfect and does follow

everything perfectly.

PV = nRT

P = pressure in atmospheres (atm)

V = volume in Liters (L)
n = # of moles
T = temperature in Kelvin (K)
R =.08206 L·atm/mol·K
6.) How many moles of oxygen will occupy a volume of
2.50 L at 1.20 atm and 25°C?

ANS. n = 0.123 moles of oxygen

7.) What volume will 12.4 grams of O2 gas occupy at 756
torr and 17°C?

ANS. V = 9.28L
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures -
In a mixture of gases, each gas exerts a certain pressure
as if it were alone. The pressure of each one of these
gases is called the partial pressure. The total pressure of
a mixture of gases is the sum of all of the partial
pressures.
Ptotal = P1 + P2 + P3 …….

Pair = PO + PN2 + Par + PH O + PCO2

2 2
8.) What is the total pressure of a mixture of gases made up
of CO2, O2, and H2 if the partial pressures are 22.3 kPa,
44.7 kPa, and 112 kPa, respectively?

ANS. PTOTAL = 179 kPa