Urban Planning & Development

Principles of Urban –
Regional planning and

development
A tool for multidisciplinary integration and stakeholder coordination
by Alenseghed Ghebrikedan
University of Juba University of Juba
Table of contents
Chapter 1: introduction to urban and regional planning

1.1 introduction
1.2 purpose of planning
1.3 Definition of key terms
1.4 Geography
Chapter 2: trends in urbanization
2.1 introduction
2.2 Issues regarding urbanization
2.3 population density
Chapter 3: Development bottlenecks
3.1 common urban problems
3.2 urban sprawl
3.3 lessons from south Sudan and Eritrea in rural settlement and land management
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Chapter 1
Introduction to urban
and regional planning
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1.1 Introduction
There are various definitions of urban planning and regional planning. What we refer to as urban and
regional planning in this booklet may also go with other names: regional planning, town planning, or
rural planning. Whatever it is called, the aim is simple: guidance or orderly land use and management
in urban, rural and regional environments, which should be sustainable.
Urbanization affects all of us in a number of ways:
 Culturally: the urban arises out of people coming or migrating from the rural. These disparate
individuals come with their own cultures or cultural baggage. The urban become a melting pot of
these diverse cultures.
 Economically: these individuals may be pulled together by economically forces. And as they settle,
they also attract further economic activities creating commercial centers.

 Identity wise: the end result is the development, among others, of a new urban identity.
This means that urbanization has to be controlled. If it is not controlled, urbanization may end up
creating conflict and becoming a burden on the nation. It is the purpose of urban planning to avoid this.
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1.2 Purpose of planning
Why do we need plan?
What are the outcomes of planning?
The aim of urban and regional planning should be:

 To maximize land use efficiency
 To develop integrated approach to sustainable urban regional development
 To ensure connectivity in terms of infrastructure and services.
 To encourage the development of an integrated national urban policy
The outcomes of urban - regional planning:

 Efficiency utilization of resources.
 Harmonization of urbanization and urbanism
 Balanced densification (minimum 300 persons per hectare)
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1.3 Definition of Key terms
The geographical, economical, historical,

cultural and social factors that give rise to
urbanization is differ from one area to
another. That is why urbanization and
urbanism are complex concepts to define.
Each urban area is unique. This booklet,
therefore, defines urbanization as the
physical arrangement of settlement areas,
which includes how a locality may
transformed from less to more urban.
Urbanism to the other hand, refers way of
wife of city or town dwellers.
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1.3 Definition of Key terms…………………
Urban-rural linkage:
visible and invisible flow/link of people, capital, goods, information and technology between
urban and rural areas.
While it is true that the urban and rural depend on each other, the practice today is of the
urban invading, exploiting and occupying the rural. This trend diminishes the significance of
the rural area. For all (the urban and the rural) to be on the side of urbanization, we need to
move away from that exploitive model.
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Region Regional planning

 An area or division, part of a country or the  Regional planning is a category of planning
world having definable characteristics but and development that deals with designing
not always fixed boundaries. and placing infrastructure and other
 An administrative district of a city or country. elements across a large area. Regional
 An area considered as a unit for planning zones may encompass several
geographical, functional, social, or cultural towns, cities or even parts of different
reasons. levels.
There is an area that straddles the rural and

 Regional planning, unlike urban planning, is
the urban with definable characteristics but not the domain of central government. This is
always fixed boundaries. We refer to this as because it encompass several rural areas,
the region. towns, cities or even parts of different
states.
.
.
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 Urban planning: is the development of towns or cities with the regulation of land use and
the physical arrangement of settlement structures, as guided by multidisciplinary
interventions and land development criteria.
 Urban planning is about development of towns and cities, which need to consider
positive and negative impacts on the neighboring villages or settlements.
 Urban and regional planning: is the unified development of towns, cities, regions and
their environs. This planning deals primarily with the regulations on land use and the
physical arrangement of settlement structures. It is guided by multidisciplinary
interventions and land-development criteria.
 Urban and regional planning is about formulating regulations on land use, the physical
arrangement of settlement structures and land development. All these have to guided by
a multidisciplinary approach (geographers, economics, agriculturist, sociologists, health
professionals, architects, lobby groups, environmentalists, community leaders and other
relevant professionals and stakeholders).
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Settlement hierarchy
Where there are different types of settled

environment which urban – regional
development process has to consider, there is
no common criteria for determining what
constitutes, for example, a small-sized city or a
medium-sized town. Each country uses its own
criteria for determining what constitutes a
village or hamlet. Generally this to be based
on the settlement size, population and service
types. The two broad categories of the settled
environment are urban ( ranges from small-
sized town to the city level) and rural (made up
of the hamlet and the village).
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Elements of the Nation
In every nation there has to be an authority that takes

charge or urban – regional planning, the nation may be
defined as people in land under a single government. The
government is mandated with the distribution of the scarce
resources of a given society in a fair and equitable way
without compromising the future generation. It is not only
resources that generated from land, but all housing and
infrastructure implementation are laid on land. We
therefore need to be sensitive on utilization of land
because it is one of the three key elements of the nation as
nation formed of people, land and government.
Urban identity can be defined as the intuition of the user,
concerning the unique appearance of the areas, which
unifies social, cultural, economic, environmental and
territorial functioning of urban values in urban space.
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Urban identity
All settled areas have their specific

identities made up of the tangible and
intangible elements and values of the
settler community. These are assets.
The combination of the tangible,
intangible and values constitute identity.
The intangible elements (culture,
literature, knowledge etc.) are what
create the built environment. Every city
or town is a reflection of the identity of its
dwellers.
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1. 4 Geography
 One of the main allies of urban – regional planning
is geography. It provides the planning process with
all the information on the resources both below and
above the earth surface. The geographic map
informs or influences all the other base maps to be
developed.
 All the urban structures and systems should be

well integrated in a coordinated manner like human
body, structures, systems and organs.
 Urban areas are like people who have the capacity
to take care of themselves, generate their own
income, manage themselves and other people
under them, and need not depend on others.
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Geo………….
No urban areas should depend on external sources for funds or financial support. The need
to be self-sufficient.
There is an analogy that can be made between the human body and the urban fabric.
 The bones in the body structure are like roads in the urban structure.
 The arteries or veins are like the water lines; urine is like the sewage or drainage.
 The waste products are like the garbage;
 The nervous system may be compared with the electricity;
 The brain or the heart may compared to the government; while
 The lung, liver or intestine are comparable to the line ministries or organisms.
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Geo………….
When all these systems and structures are functioning well the human being is said to be
healthy and the real image of the human being is reflected. Similarly, when all these
systems and structures are functioning well and the urban fabric is well set and functioning,
the real urban image appears as viable and prosperous.
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Chapter 2
Trends in Urbanization
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2.1 Introduction
Modern urbanization started in the developing countries mostly with the advent of
colonialism around 19th century. The process was characterized by destabilizing the states
and the planning exercises focused chiefly on physical planning. This led to what is
commonly referred to as a dormitory type settlement, lacking the necessary economic
clarity, the result was rampant development causing a condition of sprawl and imbalanced
urban demand and supply. Today, the focus is shifting to restructuring and facilitating as well
as implementing infrastructure.
Urbanization is a complex process with multiple and varied causes and effects which cannot
be encapsulated into a singular definition. The process can become highly unsustainable
without immense planning and management.
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2.2 Issue regarding Urbanization
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2.2 Issue regarding Urbanization cont..
The three main causes of urbanization are:

 Economic change: any area that becomes urban witnesses economic changes from
feudal agrarian to a mechanized (or industrial or mercantile) to financial economy.

 Cultural change : any area becomes urban has to evolve from a low isolated cultural to
higher exchange cultures characterized by higher consumptions.

 Administrative change: any area that becomes urban is usually transformed form being
hinterland to periphery to centers of administration.
The effect of urbanization include:

 Population: settlement experience a rapid increase in population and density due to
increased opportunities and higher consumption patterns.

 Infrastructure: urban areas get generally a concentration of social facilities along with
centralized high end transportation and other physical infrastructure.
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2.2 Issue regarding Urbanization cont..
 Consumption and sprawl: consumptions in urban areas are higher due to higher
population and expansive infrastructure generated by the cultural changes dependent on
sophisticated division of labor. Consumption and expansion in urban areas are higher
due to higher population. A number of towns show a condition of sprawl and expansion.
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2.3 Population density
For optimal urban service delivery

preferred population should be a minimum
of 300 persons per hectare – the total
population divided by the total urban
territory should have minimum of 300p/ha.
This will help in preventing the effect of
sprawl and fair distribution of urban fabric.
This densification is necessary in urban
planning as it ensures the proper
utilization of infrastructure.
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Chapter 3
Development bottlenecks
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3.1 Common Urban problems
The bottlenecks impeding the well-functioning of

the urban – regional development can be
explained in terms of obstacles and effects.
There are serious consequences for development,

where there has been improper urban planning,
some of these include:
 Focus on expansion of physical planning
only. Any expansion should be guided by clear-

economic objectives and multi-disciplinary
intervention.
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3.1 Common Urban problems……………
 Lack of centralized city marketing strategy. there should be a database that

disseminates information on available services within the city and their locations.
 Unwarranted modifications and extensions. All modifications and extensions should
be implemented according to the approved standards, technical requirements and
respect for public ream.
 Abandoning local skills and products. All efforts should be made to source local
materials and products.
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Most cities are plagued by the

following problems:
 Lack of developmental planning:
this is characterized by rampant

land distribution without fulfilling
basic developmental principles
such as planning perspectives
( regulatory bodies or central
government agencies);
implementers (states); facilitators
(financial institutions); suppliers.
 (producers); end users
(consumers); and the planning
aspects (social, economic, cultural,
environmental, and territorial).
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.
 High dependency on existing core towns. Moat

urban extension phenomena continue to depend on
the existing core instead of creating their own centers
for economic and social activities.
 Lack of attention to local skills issues in the
process of urbanization and urbanism. In the
context of urban identity, the labor market and
products in the local skills and products are not
improved because of the dependency on external
labor forces and products. .
 One of the key problems with urbanization process is lack of coordination between the involved
stakeholders. This leads to lack of awareness on essence of urban and regional planning as well as
unfriendly urban environment.
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3.2 Urban Sprawl
 Urban expansion or growth is a reality we

have to live with. We however need to
manage it in all directions by the consent
of all stakeholders so that growth is
controlled and managed. If we do not, we
may end up encouraging urban sprawl,
unnecessary expansion of the city, which
is the cancer of the city.
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3.2 Urban Sprawl………………..
 The need for land ant investment or housing should be properly studied and delivered in
accordance with the development plans. This will control random urban expansion caused
internal forces and external pressures.
 Note that reducing rural land and green areas may negatively impact the environment as
well as urban breathing areas.
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3.3 Lessons learned from South Sudan and Eritrea in rural settlement and
land management
Lessons from South Sudan rural settlement and management.
A. Settlement patterns among South Sudanese communities vary according to their
livelihood styles.
B. Among the pastoralists, the settlement patterns are dictated by seasonal patterns. They
construct temporary shelters. Where these houses are in flood plains. They are elevated
to keep water out.
C. Farming communities, on the other hand, build more permanent shelters, mostly around
their farms.
D. In all cases. Materials are sourced locally, and the shelters built are environmental
friendly.
E. Land ownership is based on ancestral rights. Any land disputes are settled by the chiefs
and community elders.
F. People live in close knit communities.
G. Areas designated for various activities such as livestock are respected etc.
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land management
Lessons from Eritrea rural settlement and management.
1. All settlements in rural areas respect agricultural or fertile lands by having houses built on
marginal lands only. When a given marginal land is fully occupied, a search is made for a
new one, without encroaching into agricultural land.
2. On average , the size of plot allotment for a house including the outside yard and any
animal shed, chicken pens or compound space is contained within a range of 250 sqm to
300 sqm.
3. On average, a row of the allotment area for settlement is no more than four to six
attached plots.
4. The roads, average about 8 meters in width, large enough for animal driven carts or oxen
ploughs to pass or overtake each other.
5. For drainage way considered slope inclinations before the plots are allocated.
6. Plot allotments take into consideration slope inclinations for drainage, wind direction and
sun orientation.
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land management
7. Open spaces have been left for cultural and social events.
8. The raw materials for building houses are resourced locally following the directives of the
community council on where to get the materials. One cannot decide on their own where
to get the materials from.
9. No individual is allowed to cut any three in their compound or surrounding without
permission from the community council. For each tree cut, five are planted.
10. Animal habits, passage and water points are nor tampered with.
11. A traveler passing through a village gets down their donkey or mule, tells the village
where they are from and to, where they are travelling to, and is accompanied by one of
the villagers to where they are going.
12. It is prohibited for any individual to extend their pieces of land without knowledge or
approval of the community council or religious orders. The penalty for noncompliance
Includes total isolation from any socio-cultural activity of the community. The same
punishment applies to anyone who sides with them. Etc
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land management
All urban settlements start as bodies who

need support at the early stage of their life,
but as they grow and mature, the need for
support should become less and less, with
each standing on tis own. Where an urban
area is not capable of managing its own
programs and have control over its own
goals, it becomes dependent on other
settlements. It is better not to have that
kind of urban areas.
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Chapter 4
Opportunities and Prospects
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4.1 Introduction
The relationship between the urban and the rural is such

that the urban depends on the rural for labor and
resources. While rural depends on the urban for major
services, as the urban often has monopoly of services to
the disadvantage of the rural.
The urban is also always expanding at the expense of the
rural, creating in the process a greater urban region. When
such expansion happens, a lot of pressure is exerted on
the rural to not only concede land, but also to supply labor
for rendering the much needed services. The rural usually
finds itself forced to serve and depend on the urban. The
significance of the rural is diminishing in the process.
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4.1 Introduction
There is a common saying among Eritrean

peasants that: “ Neither be near a city …..
Nor far from it”.
The urban should respect the interest of the
rural by controlling unnecessary horizontal
expansion as it invades rural land. The
application of 300 persons per hectare
population density should help in avoiding
this conflict. The rural may only start to
appreciate urban growth when the urban
starts to respect rural interest.
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4.2 Urban – Rural relationships
There is need to reconsider the boundary of the

strategic activities and planning horizons, which
extends from the urban core to the greater
influential rural areas.
It is important that we continue to be aware of

these three paradigms on urban – rural
relations:
 Understanding what is urban and what is rural
 Shifting paradigm on urban and rural planning
 Focus on the rationale for urban and rural
development.
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Chapter 5
Development Planning Tools

(DPT): Maps, Plans and Reports
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5.1 Introduction
Planning tool is a tool for improving quality of the life

through provision of resources such as electricity,
sanitation, telecommunication, roads, transportation,
security, justice, health, education, facilities amenities,
environment, etc. to realize these, vision and plan are
key factors in providing and facilitating resources.
The starting point is the developing of the concept,

defining the division and extending the plan.
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5.2 Demand, Actors and Agencies
The role of urban planning is to meet

the demands put upon it by the various
actors and agencies. These demands
are centered around the development of
the built environment. These include the
management of the basic infrastructure
and services.
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5.3 Urban and Regional planning
The key tools of urban planning are

maps, plans and descriptive devices.
These are used to identify strategies for
developing and executing programs and
projects, which should adopt integrated
approach and should involve all sectors
and actors.
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5.4 Basic Principles for development Planning
Urban planning and development

strategy has to conform to each of the
five aspects (social, economic, cultural,
environmental and territorial). It has to
conform to or address each of the five
aspects. Thus, the five perspectives
(central government, states, financial
institutions, producers and consumers)
have to conform to the five aspects
listed.
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Perspectives
The platform used to integrate perspectives and aspects consists of three main tools:
maps, plans, and descriptive devices. These three tools, which are used to realize any
development plans or strategies operate at the various levels or perspectives as follows:
 The main task of the central government as a regulatory is to make the necessary
governance rules and regulations.
 The states are the implementing bodies of the regulations. Their tasks to ensure that all
the regulations passed by the central government are implemented. They are also
mandated to adjust or harmonize the regulations given by the central government in
accordance to their state’s aspects.
 The task of the financial institutions is facilitation.
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 The producers provide the products needed for urban consumption. They deal with the
supply side of the equation.
 The consumers, who are the chief beneficiary in the process of urban – regional
development, are the end users. They represent the demand side of the equation.
aspects
 The social interactions and social geography within the built environment are major
concerns in terms of urbanism. therefore., social values must be considered in every
single steps of urbanization process.
 The improvement of quality of life depends on the economic development of the urban
area in particular and in the nation in general. The economic development factors should
not affect the socio-cultural diversities so that the economic aspects must address the
need and demand of the society in all dimensions.
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 Culture is one of the main binding agents of society and at the same time it is an
intangible element of the urban identity. Culture plays an invaluable part in the
urbanization process in terms of work discipline so that the built environment reflects the
value of culture.
 The physical urban fabric is determined by its own environmental quality. Environment is
the connecting of the living, working, recreational activities, etc. to have healthier
activities, the arrangement of physical environment and set up with the infrastructures
and landscaping should motivate the socio-economic sectors.
 The land is designated with its own natural features. Any urban planning and
development activities should work with these natural features and not against it. The
requirement of land use should consider territorial aspects of areas of interest and their
surroundings for the application of integrated planning approach.
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5.5 Components of Urban and Regional Planning
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5.5 Components of Urban and Regional Planning
the primary stage of urban – regional planning is to first identify the strategic vision, then
develop data base system with hard and soft data. This should be followed by the map,
which gives all the information needed as a basis of assessment of the situation. The base
map (the hard data) and all the statistical information (soft data) should form the main turning
point in establishing plan.
The plan has to be developed with the consent of all stakeholders and should reflect the
opinions and attitudes of all the multi-disciplinary actors and sectors. Any plan prepared must
be transparent with the details of aa the programs and projects for the coordination and
integration of all sectors and actors.
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5.5.1 Strategic Visions
The strategic vision, as a

public vision, must come from
all the stakeholders. It has to
reflect public needs and
demand. A vision is important
when it is attainable.
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5.5.1 Strategic Visions
Any data collected must be very clear

and relevant, as inaccurate data can
lead plans and development
perspectives and land use). Inaccurate
data can lead to the development of
incorrect maps, plans and descriptive
devices.
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5.5.2 Maps and Plans
The maps, the plans and reports

(descriptive devices) should all detail the
following five categories:
1. Local and regional linkages
2. Land use plan
3. Zoning, physical and social
infrastructure plans
4. Institutional and financial mechanisms
5. Legislative mechanisms.
These are not only categories, they are

given here as examples.
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For healthy urban – rural linkage within the

region, there should be efficiency
streamlining and utilization of resources in all
areas of interest. The aim should maximizing
the capacity and the opportunities of every
area of specialization such as agricultural
potential, industrial and locational
advantages etc. this is to extend strategies
for establishing and enhancing local and
regional linkages for economic development
through projects and programs.
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Within all areas of interest (trading,

industrial, administrative etc.) a multiple
economic base should be established to
become a channel for various products from
the region and the neighboring villages that
are predominantly agrarian and gave
capacity to grow in the primary sector.
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For land use plan to be a crucial part

of development planning, land
should be classified according to its
topography, slope analysis and site
analysis. From this process, land
would be classified according to
utilization and zoning. The minimum
requirement of 300 persons per
hectare should apply.
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 This part identifies a locational

advantage of the area of interest.
Moreover, the report also
systematically analysis of the
growth in the physical fabric of
the area and identifies problems
with the current nature of growth.
 This part further creates a base
map for the area of interest and
elaborately discusses the various
pressures on land and problems
with current physical changes in
the area of interest. It creates a
base for the information system
that needs to be developed.
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 The provision of infrastructure is

one the major challenges of
urban development in terms of
cost. The planning approach
should take into consideration all
means and flexible mechanisms
to harness opportunities for
addressing all the provisions.
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 In each zoning there should

be sufficient spaces
designated for amenities
and services on population
distribution and anticipated
growth,
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 The initial step for implementing of

development strategy is the setting
up of institutional infrastructure. All
urban areas should be designed in
such a way that they are self-
sustaining, able to generate their
own income. At the initial stages
before become economically stable
they may need support from the
government especially in
establishing of institutions.
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Once stability has been attained, the urban

areas can now start capitalizing on the
opportunities available and promoting of good
governance. This involves:
 Institutional streamlining for efficiency
service delivery and equitable cost recovery.
 Having sustainable financial strategies.
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The following components or factors are a

major requirement for the realization or
urban planning and development:
 Urban agriculture (poultry, fish ponds,
vegetable patches, animal stocks, etc)

 Landscaping ( public spaces, parks,
urban belts, etc)

 Urban codes (building volumes,
building heights, road hierarchies, open
spaces, etc)
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In order to realize urban planning and

development, the three mechanisms
needed to create an enabling environment
are:
 Legislative mechanism : this includes
regulations for planning and urban

development; clarity in land policy and;
regulations for environmental heritage
and management.
 Financial mechanisms : adopting an
incremental income generating

approach is necessary to avoid a one
stop income collection, such as
overdependence on plot allotment fees
to the total neglect of other sources of
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taxation and tariffs, direct and indirect double entry municipal mechanisms. Furthermore,
extending municipal service delivery should generate income. There should be better information
management system as well.
 Institutional mechanism : the key to any urban development is the integration of institutions.
And this calls for:

 Clarity in relationship between town and village
 Strengthening of human and infrastructure resources capacities.
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5.6 Enabling Environment
The enabling environment responds

to the questions of:
I. what needs to be done.
II. How it should be done.
III. How to generate own income.
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5.6 Enabling Environment
 The enabling environment : this answers the questions of how do we do it and the
regulations governing what is allowed and nor allowed.
 Financial environment : this is about how much a program would cost and where money
would come from.
 Institutional environment : this consists of the tasks and the scopes of all sectors and actors
to integrate: how do we organize ourselves and who will do what.
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5.7 Interventions and Imbalances of stakeholders
An improper process of containing,

conserving, promoting and coordinating
resources and program can lead to an obvious
conflict of interest. To avoid and overcome a
such scenario, all development planning
strategies should be guided by inclusivity of all
stakeholders and multi-disciplinary approach.
In addition, these internal forces can be
strengthened by capacity building and
assuring responsibilities, awareness and
accountability. If these strategies fail to meet
socio-economic objectives, it can open
chances for external pressure (irresponsibility,
informal leaders and rumors).
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This is a summary of the key steps needed

in urban planning and development and
how to achieve them. The comprehensive
plan consists of:
 Strengthening of regional linkages
 Land use plan
 Physical and social infrastructure
 Institutional and financial strategies
 Legislative mechanisms
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This is a summary of the key steps needed

in urban planning and development and
how to achieve them. The comprehensive
plan consists of:
 Strengthening of regional linkages
 Land use plan
 Physical and social infrastructure
 Institutional and financial strategies
 Legislative mechanisms
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5.8 Organizational Structure
Organizational structure for the preparation of urban and regional.

planning
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5.8 Organizational Structure
For effective urban – regional planning preparation the suggested flow chart consists of the
following:
 Authorizing body: this is the legislative body (parliament) to pass the necessary
regulations.
 Executing body: this is body that gives technical, institutional and financial guidance.
 The planning coordinator: their main task is coordinating and assembling the experts
and identify the stakeholders who will form part of the planning process.
 States, regions, line ministries, sectors, actors etc.: to provide the necessary
information for facilitating the process needed by all the planning teams.
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5.9 Physical Presentation of Planning Development Process
In urban planning, it is important

to think form the general to the
specific to understand the
relationship of places and to get
clear perspectives of area
locations and integration.
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When thinking of developing a particular

area, it is prudent to think holistically of the
relationships and interrelationships with the
neighboring areas. The move has to be
form general to specific areas in terms of
their integrations and linkages.
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There are several patterns for

planning that can be adapted.
However, each pattern of planning
(grid, star, cellular) should be
adopted according to the topography
and site of the features of the area.
There is no need for any area to
apply one type of structure (grid,
star, linear, etc.) alone.
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One of the basic aims of urban – regional

planning is to link land society through
infrastructure. This can be done through:
 Ensuring balance with nature and tradition

 Efficient resource allocation and management
 Ensuring optimal population density per zone
 Anticipating future expansion and
development opportunities.
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5.10 Accessibility in Urban and Regional Planning
Conceptual diagram for

Urban – regional planning
Most urban expansion is usually

horizontal, rural expansion is not fast and
where it is fast, its growth is controlled.
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5.10 Accessibility in Urban and Regional Planning
The opportunities in urban – rural linkage are:

 Availability of the potential agricultural land.
 Relatively short distance from rural to rural area and in some rural to urban.
 All features of topography can be advantageous.
 All urban centers can be considered as locational advantage.
The strategy for urban – rural linkage

 Establishing of growth corridors: ring roads connecting the countries or districts.
 Establishing of access corridors connecting the various villages with the countries and
towns further afield.

 Establishing the core town as transport hub for strategic regional linkage for wider
exchange.
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5.11 Promotion of Multiple Economic Centers
 Economy: promotion of multiple

economic centers.
 The economy needs multiple
economic centers established in both
urban and rural areas to bring
balanced development trends
suggest concentration of economic
activities in towns and low level of
economic activities characterized by
subsistence farming in the villages.
University of Juba
5.11 Promotion of Multiple Economic Centers
The main opportunities for the promotion of multiple-economic centers are:

 Availability of raw materials industrialization and arable land
 Existence of local (traditional) technology and knowledge.
The strategy for promotion of multiple economic centers

 The promotion of tertiary sector: at the regional level, there should be trading centers,
industries and wholesale markets for regional exchange.

 Promotions of commercials agricultural and value chain addition, value links and
complementary units in the villages.

 Provision of market facilities.
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5.12 Growth Planning (Densification)
Densification is the increasing number

of people living in a given area. The
minimal population density needed to
benefit from services and infrastructural
delivery, is 300 persons per hectare.
University of Juba
5.12 Growth Planning (Densification)
The main opportunities for densification here is:

 Low density of existing settlement
The strategy for growth planning and densification

 Densification of existing settlements
 Setting up of built environment at human scale
 Provision of low rise and high density enterprising mixed-use zones
 Setting up of urban and rural codes
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5.13 Decentralized infrastructure (facilities)
Facilities activate urban fabric within

urbanized area while extending regular
link to rural areas. Imbalance and poor
quality infrastructure can have debilitating
effects. These complications could be
addressed by decentralizing infrastructure.
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5.13 Decentralized infrastructure (facilities)
The main opportunities for decentralizing infrastructure are:

 Potential rainfall
 Availability of local materials
 Availability of local technology and know how
The strategy for decentralizing infrastructure

 Establishing of key resource-sharing facilities like institutional code (government offices)
in core towns; educational node (higher education facility); commercial node (wholesale
market facilities), recreation node (key public amenities) etc.
 Establishing of a package of physical and social infrastructure
 Decentralized water harvesting at urban and rural levels
 Decentralized sanitations programs at urban and rural levels
 Packaging solutions that incorporate both housing improvement and economic activities.
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Chapter 6
Models
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6.1 Urban Integration
University of Juba
6.1 Urban Integration
It is important that the process of identification, listing and protection of historical buildings
and sites embarked on and in earnest.
 Historical sites should not be destroyed. They should be protected and preserved.
 Renovation and modification of some of historical buildings, if necessary, should be done
with the aim of retaining the architectural designs and decors by experts.
 Plagues could be erected in historical buildings for bringing former glory and to aid future
memory.
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6.2 Urban and Rural integration
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6.3 Urban, Rural and Regional Integration
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6.3 Urban, Rural and Regional Integration
Regional integration is not just about urban to region or urban to urban or region to region
integration but is also about rural to rural linkage. This integration can be realized by
promoting complementary processing units in the perimeters of rural areas. This resources
added strategy, which takes advantage of and promotes area based specialization,
contributes immensely to the enhancing of the economy. It works by ensuring that scaling
and packaging , and the local materials of any local product that a place specializes in are
processed within the area as resources or valued.
In this context, this complementary processing unit should make sure that it is not in conflict
with the rural area. That is, it should be understood by rural dwellers and the impact should
bot affect the socio-cultural and economic significance of the rural.
University of Juba
6.4 Conclusion
 This study set out to highlight the key challenges associated with urban, rural and
regional development. This includes, identifying the key stakeholders, recommending
areas of collaboration among them and the promotion of an alternative planning agenda
rooted in integrated planning approaches and methods.
 Within urbanization context, the impact of balancing urban demand and supply process
have been largely negative. As a result, in most developing countries, urban areas gave
not been able to handle their own programs by themselves. This burden, which has been
duplicated over and over in a number of countries, has largely been put upon the
shoulders of the rural in particular, and the country in general. To offset this, a well-
coordinated approach is needed to realize the main planning principles (planning
perspectives and aspects).
University of Juba
6.4 Conclusion
 This study argues that the phenomena of uncontrolled and unregulated or poorly
regulated expansion of the urban into rural, which infringes on agricultural lands for
housing and other purposes, generates tremendous pressure, if not conflict between the
rural and the urban. These same conditions, the study further argues give rise to
conditions sprawl, which in turn, have untold social, economic, cultural, environment and
territorial consequences. Therefore, embark on strategic urban and rural planning and
expansion, neither the rural nor the effect of the urban on the rural, can ignore any
longer. An integrated and multi-disciplinary approach is called for.
University of Juba

Urban Planning & Development

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Principles of Urban –

Regional planning and

A tool for multidisciplinary integration and stakeholder coordination

Chapter 1: introduction to urban and regional planning

they also attract further economic activities creating commercial centers.

The aim of urban and regional planning should be:

 To develop integrated approach to sustainable urban regional development

 To ensure connectivity in terms of infrastructure and services.

 To encourage the development of an integrated national urban policy

The outcomes of urban - regional planning:

 Harmonization of urbanization and urbanism

 Balanced densification (minimum 300 persons per hectare)

The geographical, economical, historical,

Region Regional planning

There is an area that straddles the rural and

Where there are different types of settled

In every nation there has to be an authority that takes

All settled areas have their specific

 All the urban structures and systems should be

 The waste products are like the garbage;

 The nervous system may be compared with the electricity;

 The brain or the heart may compared to the government; while

The three main causes of urbanization are:

feudal agrarian to a mechanized (or industrial or mercantile) to financial economy.

higher exchange cultures characterized by higher consumptions.

hinterland to periphery to centers of administration.

The effect of urbanization include:

increased opportunities and higher consumption patterns.

centralized high end transportation and other physical infrastructure.

For optimal urban service delivery

The bottlenecks impeding the well-functioning of

There are serious consequences for development,

only. Any expansion should be guided by clear-

 Lack of centralized city marketing strategy. there should be a database that

Most cities are plagued by the

this is characterized by rampant

 High dependency on existing core towns. Moat

 Urban expansion or growth is a reality we

All urban settlements start as bodies who

Opportunities and Prospects

The relationship between the urban and the rural is such

There is a common saying among Eritrean

There is need to reconsider the boundary of the

It is important that we continue to be aware of

 Shifting paradigm on urban and rural planning

 Focus on the rationale for urban and rural

Development Planning Tools

Planning tool is a tool for improving quality of the life

The starting point is the developing of the concept,

The role of urban planning is to meet

The key tools of urban planning are

Urban planning and development

The strategic vision, as a

Any data collected must be very clear

The maps, the plans and reports

These are not only categories, they are

For healthy urban – rural linkage within the

Within all areas of interest (trading,

For land use plan to be a crucial part

 This part identifies a locational

 The provision of infrastructure is

 In each zoning there should