COSM

OS
PHYSICS PROJECT
SUBMITTED TO : DR. ASHISH KUMAR SIR
BY : VIPIN YADAV (2K20/B9/47)
SANDEEP (2K20/B9/17)
 INTRODUCTION
The cosmos is the Universe. Using the word cosmos rather than the word
universe implies viewing the universe as a complex and orderly system or
You, this computer,
entity.the air we breathe, and the distant stars are all made
up of protons, neutrons and electrons. Protons and neutrons are bound
together into nuclei and atoms are nuclei surrounded by a full complement
of electrons. Hydrogen is composed of one proton and one electron.
Helium is composed of two protons, two neutrons and two electrons.
Astronomers like to call all material made up of protons, neutrons and
electrons "baryonic matter".

Until about thirty years ago, astronomers thought that the universe was composed almost entirely of this
"baryonic matter", ordinary atoms. However, in the past few decades, there has been ever more evidence
accumulating that suggests there is something in the universe that we can not see, perhaps some new
form of matter and then they found about DARK MATTER..
 FUNDAMENTAL COMPONENTS
WHICH MAKE UNIVERSE

The Universe is thought to consist of three types of substance:

normal matter, 'dark matter' and 'dark energy'. Normal matter
consists of the atoms that make up stars, planets, human beings
and every other visible object in the Universe. Other contents
are electromagnetic radiation (estimated to constitute from
0.005% to close to 0.01% of the total mass-energy of the
universe).
 BARYONIC MATTER (ORDINARY
MATTER)
Ordinary matter is the stuff that we are made of, protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Stars, planets, trees, animals –mostly everything we can see or detect with telescopes
is ordinary matter, which scientists call baryonic matter

Matter, dark matter, and dark energy are distributed

homogeneously throughout the universe over length scales
longer than 300 million light-years or so. However, over
shorter length-scales, matter tends to clump hierarchically;
many atoms are condensed into stars, most stars into
galaxies, most galaxies into clusters, superclusters and,
finally, large-scale galactic filaments.
 DARK MATTER
Dark matter is a hypothetical kind of matter that is invisible to the entire
electromagnetic spectrum, but which accounts for most of the matter in the
universe. The existence and properties of dark matter are inferred from its
gravitational effects on visible matter, radiation, and the large-scale structure of the
universe.

Neither emits nor absorbs light or any other

electromagnetic radiation at any significant level.
Dark matter is estimated to constitute 26.8% of the
total mass–energy and 84.5% of the total matter in
the universe.
 DARK ENERGY
Dark energy is the name given to the mysterious force that's
causing the rate of expansion of our universe to accelerate
over time, rather than to slow down. That's contrary to what
one might expect from a universe that began in a Big Bang.
Astronomers in the 20th century learned the universe is
expanding.

In short, dark matter slows down the expansion of

the universe, while dark energy speeds it up. Dark
matter works like an attractive force — a kind of
cosmic cement that holds our universe together. This
is because dark matter does interact with gravity,
but it doesn't reflect, absorb, or emit light.
GALAXY FOUR TYPES
A galaxy is a huge collection of gas, dust, OF GALAXY
and billions of stars and their solar systems,
all held together by gravity. spiral galaxies
Galaxies are the fundamental units of structure in the
universe where stars form. Theory currently holds that all Lenticular galaxies
galaxies are confined by the gravity of the dark matter halos
that permeate and surround them, but there is recent
evidence that some galaxies may be dark-matter-free. Elliptical galaxies

Irregular galaxies
GALAXY FORMATION
There are two leading theories to explain how the first
galaxies formed

One says that galaxies were born when vast clouds of gas
and dust collapsed under their own gravitational pull,
allowing stars to form.

The other says that the young universe contained many

small "lumps" of matter, which clumped together to form
galaxies.
 BLACK HOLE
A black hole is a region of spacetime where gravity is so strong that nothing
—no particles or even electromagnetic radiation such as light—can escape
from it. The theory of general relativity predicts that a sufficiently compact
mass can deform spacetime to form a black hole.

How Do Black Holes Form?

Scientists think the smallest black holes formed when the universe began.

Stellar black holes are made when the center of a very big star falls in upon itself, or
collapses. When this happens, it causes a supernova. A supernova is an exploding star that
blasts part of the star into space.

Scientists think supermassive black holes were made at the same time as the galaxy they
are in.
 If Black Holes Are "Black," How Do Scientists
Know They Are There?
A black hole can not be seen because strong gravity pulls all of the light into the middle of the black hole. But
scientists can see how the strong gravity affects the stars and gas around the black hole. Scientists can study stars to
find out if they are flying around, or orbiting, a black hole.

When a black hole and a star are close together, high-energy light is made. This kind of light can not be seen with
human eyes. Scientists use satellites and telescopes in space to see the high-energy light.

HOW DO STARS DIE ?

Stars die because they exhaust their nuclear fuel. Really massive stars use up their
hydrogen fuel quickly, but are hot enough to fuse heavier elements such as helium and
carbon. Once there is no fuel left, the star collapses and the outer layers explode as a
'supernova'.
 O U
K Y
AN
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