INTRODUCTIO

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TO THE
STUDY
GLOBALIZATIO
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Learning Objectives:
● To define what is a Globalization
● To be able to know the brief history of globalization
● To know the ideologies, sentiments, and contributions in
Globalization
● To know the 3 strategies of Globalization
● To know the role of Globalization in Shipping Industry
● To know the Advantages and Disadvantages of Globalization
What is Globalization?
● It refers to the increasing interdependence of the economies,
cultures, and populations throughout the world as a result of
technology, cross-border trade in goods and services, and
flows of capital, labor, and information.
● “A matrix of social processes that is transforming our present
social condition and conventional nationality into one of
globality.” -Manfred B. Steger
 Brief History of Globalization
Silk roads (1st century BC-5th
century AD, and 13th-14th
centuries AD)
● Luxury products from China started to
appear on the other edge of the
Eurasian continent – in Rome
● Trade had stopped being a local or
regional affair and started to become
global
● Spices that were added to the
intercontinental trade between Asia
and Europe
Spice routes (7th-15th centuries)
● Main focus of Islamic trade in those Middle Ages were
spices
● Cloves, nutmeg and mace from the fabled Spice
islands – the Maluku islands in Indonesia
● But as with silk, they remained a luxury product, and
trade remained relatively low volume.

Age of Discovery (15th-18th centuries)

● European explorers connected East and West – and
accidentally discovered the Americas.
● Aided by the discoveries of the so-called “
Scientific Revolution”
● Potatoes, tomatoes, coffee and chocolate were
introduced in Europe,
First wave of globalization (19th century-1914)
● The era of the First Industrial Revolution
● Steamships and trains could transport goods over thousands of
miles, both within countries and across countries
● Products that were in demand all over the world, like
iron, textiles and manufactured goods

The world wars (1939-1945)

● Brought an end to just about everything the burgeoning
high society of the West had gotten so used to, including
globalization
● The Great Depression in the US
● Percentage of world GDP had fallen to 5%
Second and third wave of globalization
(1944-1989)
● Iron Curtain fell, globalization became a truly global
phenomenon.
● New technology, the internet, connected people all over
the world in an even more direct way.
● The newly created World Trade Organization (WTO)
encouraged nations all over the world to enter into free-
trade agreements,

Globalization 4.0
● Enables people to instantaneously conduct business and
promptly access files from anywhere.
● Cyber-physical systems, the Internet of things, big data
analytics, cloud computing, cognitive computing, artificial
intelligence, 3-D printing, and autonomous vehicles etc.
● Cross-border hacking and cyberattacks
 IDEOLOGIES OF GLOBALIZATION
By. Manfred B. Steger

Introduction
This article seeks to establish that globalism not only represents a
set of political ideas and beliefs coherent enough to warrant the
status of a new ideology, but also constitutes the dominated ideology
of our time against which all of its challengers much define
themselves.
 GLOBALIZATION: PROCESS,
CONDITION, or IDEOLOGY

PROCESS
It is a set of processes of economic, social, cultural, technological or institution that contribute
to societies and individuals' relationships worldwide.

CONDITION
This doing everything to improve the working conditions faced by workers by offering
mechanisms and such more.

IDEOLOGY
It endows a concept of globalism with a particular concept or value. A form of social or
political philosophy of ideology in which practical elements are ones prominent as theoretical
ones.
Michael Freeden’s sentiments
on Globalization
● “It is far too early to pronounce on globalism's
status as an ideology”
The Five "Scapes" of Globalization
Arjun Appadurai’s contribution
ETHNOSCAPE- The flow of people across the boundaries

TECHNOSCAPE- The global flows of Technology

IDEOSCAPE- The global flows of Ideas

FINANCESCAPE- The flow of money across boundaries

MEDIASCAPE- The flow of media across borders

 3 Strategies of Globalization
1) Multidomestic Strategy
● sacrifices efficiency in favor of emphasizing
responsiveness to local requirements within each of
its markets

2) Global Strategy
● sacrifices responsiveness to local requirements
within each of its markets in favor of emphasizing
efficiency

3) Transnational Strategy
● seeks a middle ground between a multidomestic
strategy and a global strategy.
 The Contribution of Shipping to Globalization
● Backbone of Global Trade and the Global Economy

● Food, technology, medicines, and memories

● Shipping industry has played an important part in the

dramatic improvements in global living standards

● Ships transport more than 80% of world trade volume and

about 70% of trade value

● Shipping Connects Cost Effective Labour Markets

● Impact of Globalisation on Human Resources

 Advantages and Disadvantages of Globalization
Advantages

● Globalization allows us to pool all our resources together.

● Globalization would also reduce labor exploitation issues.
● Globalization reduces the prospects of tyranny.
● Globalization improves communication access.
● Globalization would remove tax havens for wealthy individuals and
businesses.

Disadvantages
● Globalization may encourage more offshoring instead of
less.
● Globalization benefits the wealthy more than the poor.
● Globalization would encourage disease transfer.
● Globalization could reduce social safety net programs.
● Globalization would create a new system of politics.
 REFERENCES:
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