B2 Diffusion 28/10/22

Lesson objective(s): Key

 I will be able to define diffusion words:
 I will be able to relate examples of gas and liquid to diffusion
 I will be able to explain the four factors that influence
diffusion
Do Now…
1) Write some knowledge retrieval questions here…
2) 3 to 1 ratio of Additional:Core in year 11 from now…
3) They can be from any area in a given science eg Chemistry
4) They can be in given topic for a given science eg Physics -
medical physics;
5) They can be mixed up from a number of unrelated topic
areas.
Diffusion: (i) the net movement of particles (ii) from a region of their
higher concentration (iii) to a region of their lower concentration
down a concentration gradient, (iv) as a result of their random
movement.

Osmosis: (i) the net movement of water molecules (ii) from a region
of higher water potential (iii) to a region of lower potential (iv) through
a partially permeable membrane

Diffusion: in both liquids & gases

Osmosis: in liquids only

 Photosynthesis

Carbon dioxide

- High concentration outside the leaf, low concentration inside the leaf, as
the cells are using it up.
- Carbon dioxide molecules therefore diffuse into the leaf, down the
concentration gradient.

Oxygen

- High concentration of Oxygen inside the leaf, low concentration outside

the leaf.
- Oxygen molecules therefore diffuse into the leaf, down the concentration
gradient.
 The factors that influence diffusion

(i) Surface area: the larger the surface area, the more space there is for
particles to diffuse across, increasing the rate of diffusion.

(ii) Temperature: higher temperatures give particles more energy, allowing

them to move faster. This increases the rate of diffusion.

(iii) Diffusion distance: this is the distance that particles have to travel to
achieve equilibrium. The greater the diffusion distance, the more time it
takes to achieve equilibrium, so the lower the rate of diffusion.
 The factors that influence diffusion

(iv) Concentration gradients: A concentration gradient is a measure of the

difference in concentration of a certain particle between two different areas.

The steeper the concentration gradient, the greater the difference in

concentrations.

This means, more particles will move from their region of higher
concentration to their region of lower concentration to achieve equilibrium,
thereby increasing the rate of diffusion.
State that substances move into and out of cells by diffusion through the cell
membrane.

Many (not all) substances can diffuse freely across cell membranes, and
thus, diffusion is their main method of transport across cell membranes.
 B2 Osmosis 28/10/22

Lesson objective(s): Key

words:
Concentratio
n gradient

Do Now…
1) Write some knowledge retrieval questions here…
2) 3 to 1 ratio of Additional:Core in year 11 from now…
3) They can be from any area in a given science eg
Chemistry
4) They can be in given topic for a given science eg
Physics - medical physics;
5) They can be mixed up from a number of unrelated topic
areas.
Diffusion: (i) the net movement of particles (ii) from a region of their
higher concentration (iii) to a region of their lower concentration
down a concentration gradient, (iv) as a result of their random
movement.

Osmosis: (i) the net movement of water molecules (ii) from a region
of higher water potential (iii) to a region of lower potential (iv) through
a partially permeable membrane

Diffusion: in both liquids & gases

Osmosis: in liquids only

State that water diffuses through partially permeable membranes by
osmosis

Osmosis: (i) the net movement of water molecules (ii) from a region of
higher water potential (iii) to a region of lower potential (iv) through a
partially permeable membrane

Imagine there are two aqueous solutions separated by a semi-permeable

membrane, where one has a higher solute concentration (lower water
potential) and the other has a lower solute concentration (higher water
potential). The semi-permeable membrane blocks the movement of the
solute molecules – only water can pass freely through the membrane.

Therefore, water will diffuse across the membrane, until both solutions are
of equal concentration.
 lower solute higher solute
concentration concentration
(higher water (lower water
lower solute higher solute potential) potential)
concentration concentration
(higher water (lower water
potential) potential)
Investigate and describe the effects on plant tissues of immersing
them in solutions of different concentrations.

Plant cells have cell walls – this is quite important when thinking about the
effect of immersing plant tissue in solutions of different concentrations.
Cells are primarily made of water (on average, about 70% of total cell mass
is water).

Every cell cytoplasm has its own specific concentration of solutes, and this
concentration is usually pretty similar across the same type of tissue (e.g.
palisade cells will have similar concentrations of solutes in their cell
cytoplasms), and that the pressure that water applies in plants (i.e. the
water pressure), is known as turgor pressure.

Turgidity is the state of being ‘turgid’ or swollen, especially due to high fluid
content. Plants need turgid cells to help them maintain their shape and in
turn, help the plant stay upright.
Water is mainly stored in the vacuole in the cytoplasm, & it is mainly
this vacuole that regulates the turgidity of a plant cell.
 Osmosis of a plant cell

Hypertonic solution: immerse plant tissue in solutions of lower water

potential than that of the plant cells:

Water diffuses out of the cell by osmosis. This means there is less matter
inside the cell.

This causes the cytoplasm to shrink,

and thus the cell membrane gets
ripped away from the cell wall. This
process is called plasmolysis. Cells
become weak and flaccid, as there
isn’t enough cytoplasm to support the
cell and help it maintain its shape.
 Osmosis of a plant cell

Isotonic solution immerse plant tissue in a solution of equal water

potential to their cell cytoplasm

(1) Concentration of the solution

inside = and concentration of the
solution outside of the plant cells.

(ii) There is no net movement of

water.

(ii) This means the volume or shape of

the plant cell is unlikely to change.
 Osmosis of a plant cell

Hypotonic solution: When you immerse plant tissue in solutions of higher

water potential than their cell cytoplasm

(i) The solution inside the cells is more concentrated than solution outside,
so water diffuses down its concentration gradient into the cell, by osmosis.
(i) This causes the amount of cell matter inside the cell to increase. As the
cytoplasm enlarges, it pushes outwards on the cell surface membrane
more and more.
(ii) Normally, this would usually cause the cell surface membrane to
eventually burst (once the pressure, otherwise known as turgor
pressure, in this case, grows too large).
(iii) However, plant cells have very strong cell walls. This holds the plant
cell intact, and as the cytoplasm pushes outside, the cell simply swells
to its full size and becomes rigid. This cell is turgid.
Osmosis of a plant cell
 Osmosis in an Animal Cell

Hypertonic solution: immerse Animal tissue in solutions of lower water

potential

Animal cells do not have a cell wall to support them.

Water diffuses out of the cell by

osmosis. This means there is less
matter inside the cell.

The cell will shrivel up

 Osmosis in an Animal Cell

Hypotonic solution: immerse animal tissue in solutions of higher water

potential than their cell

Animal cells do not have a cell wall to support

them.

The water will diffuse into the animal cell by

osmosis. The cell will swell, so the water
pressure grows so great that the cell bursts – it
undergoes lysis
 Osmosis in an Animal Cell

When you immerse animal tissue in solutions of higher water potential than
their cell (isotonic solution).

Animal cells do not have a cell wall to

support them.

There will be no net movement of

water