Виконав: Бєлозоров Д. Г., гр.

723л(2)
 Introduction
 Actual value of this research is the fact that many wide-spread modern languages use
Greek borrowings, that causes some minor problems and demands the creation of a full
scheme of these borrowings that have become parts of plenty of languages that has
entire parts which were some what formed of borrowings from the Greek language.
Except this, Greek is a good example of borrowing from one language to another itself.
 The object of the research is comparison and analysis (systematical and diachronical)
of Greek borrowings in English and Ukrainian.
 The subject of the research is various lexical unities of Greek origin which adapted to
the Ukrainian and English languages
 The theoretical value of the research is in explanation content of the conception
«borrowings», definition its varieties, in deepening to the conception «Greek
borrowings» and in calling to students of specialty «applied linguistics» into further
develop.
 The aim of this research is the analysis of composition of Greek borrowings in English
and in Ukrainian.
 The practical value is in analysis and working with various methodical literature and
using it in writing of this course project.
 The methods of there search were structural and diachronical methods with supporting
of explanatory dictionary and other different sources.
 Loanword — is a word that is borrowed from some
language and incorporated into another, recipient one.

Loanwords can wary according to their classification

and be one of the following:
- Direct
- Loan translations (as known as calque)
- Loan rendering

Other types of loanwords (or borrowings) can be

classified as internatiolisms, exotisms or
barbarisms
 Almost all the sciences are called with the help of
some elements of the Greek language.
Major part of words with Greek origin some how
refers to certain fields of science (e.g., medicine,
chemistry, philosophy, linguistics, etc).

Some of the later Greek borrowings often refer to

sciences because of a huge jump of scientific progress
during the age of Renaissance.
There is also a big part of Europian names descended
from the Greek language:
- Alexander - Андрій
- Andrew - Арсен
- George - Василь
- Eugene - Євген
- Peter - Микола
- Sophie - Олександр
- Nicholas
- Олена
- Theodor
- Софія

English Ukrainian
 All of Greek borrowings are divided into certain groups
according to their inherited(local) elements and loaned ones.

Local (inherited) elements:

-Indo-European
-German
-English
While all of loaned elements are Celtic (V-VI c.), Latin (I-VII
c.), Scandinavian (VIII-XI c.), French (XI-XIII c.), Greek,
Italian, Spanish, German, etc.
Greek words began to be borrowed after the Kievan
Rus became Christian and fell under some influence
of Greek Constantinopole. It became only stronger
when a major trading route appeared leading from the
North, where Scandinavians lived to the South, right
through it’s territory. A lot of words came to Rus with
by passing Greek merchants. Much later, during the
Renaissance Greek also became tightly tied to
different sciences, same as in many other European
languages.
 Conclusions to the first section
There are specific (inherited) and borrowed
words in lexis of each language. There is method
of borrowing from other languages for enrichment
of vocabulary in language. English and Ukrainian
were being enriched by borrowings of other
languages during many centuries among which is
Greek origin. Greek borrowings were appeared in
Ukrainian and English languages in influence of
etymological and historical reasons.
Thematical analysis of Greek loanwords
in English and Ukrainian languages
 We selected 50 English and 50 Ukrainian loanwords which were taken
from “New Ukrainian dictionary” and “English Etymology Dictionary”.
 English examples: academia, amnesia, analytic, anarchy, angel, bible,
butter, carrot, demon, dolphin, grammar, hero, ideography, idiot, irony,
kinematic, lexicon, logic, mathematics, melody, monk, monarchy,
museum, music, mythology, neurology, nostalgia, ocean, octopus,
organism, oxymoron, phobia, rhythm, school, skeleton, stadium,
symbol, synonym, talent, theatre, theory, thesis, threnody, topic, tune,
type, urethra, xylophone, zealotry, zoology.
 Ukrainian examples: абетка, автаркія, агіографія, аденоїд, Андрій,
апостол, Арсен, бандура, бібліотека, біном, Галина, ганглій,
грамофон, демократія, догма, Євангеліє, єпископ, Ізмарагди, ікона,
Ірина,історія, Катерина, кипарис, коливо, лиман, метр, нектар,
нефелін, нефрит, океан, оксамит, онікс, параномія, пасха,
протагоніст, психіатр, семантика, талій, телеграф, телекінез,
теріологія, топологія, уретра, фаланга, філантроп, харизма,
хітин, циклон, цинізм, ямб.
Most of Greek loanwords in English can be attributed to biology or
medicine, though the number of words in other groups is rather
equal
 As we can see most of the chosen borrowings in Ukrainian
mean scientific terms, usually something connected to biology
or medicine. The other wide spread group are religious terms.
As it can be seen, Greek loanwords mostly cover similar
percentage of place in thematic groups, but in the Ukrainian
language they mostly mean religious or scientific terms,
while in English they are much more used in some
humanitarian activities or everyday life.
As we can see, Greek loanwords played a major part in
history of many European languages, especially in
scientific terminology. This was caused by the fact that
Greek and Latin are traditional for a large array of
sciences and now they mostly cover this part of
professional speech. Because of Christianity they are
also widely used in theological activities. Overall, the
Greek language is one of the most important languages
if we talk about scientific and technical progress.