Highlights of the course

Co-ordinate Systems

Introduction to Vector
Operators

Work , Energy and Conservation laws

Rigid body in motion

Oscillations and Waves

Quantum Physics
Chapter-3:Work , Energy and
Conservation laws
Predicting the motion of a system under known constraints

2
d x
m 2  F ( x)
dt
Solve Work, energy and
differential conserved
quantities
equation
 Work Energy Theorem from Force Equation
dvdv
xb xb

m m dx  FF(( x
x))dx
xa
dtdt xa
tb xb
dv
Change variable from x to t m  vdt   F ( x )dx
ta
dt xa

tb xb
d 1 2
m   v  dt   F ( x )dx
ta
dt  2  xa
xb
1 1
mvb  mva 2   F ( x)dx
2

2 2 xa
 Work Energy Theorem from Force Equation
tbt xbx
dd  11 22 
m  vv dt
m dt   FF((xx))dx
dx
Wba  K b  K a
dt 2 
ttaa dt  2
xb
xxaa

11 22 11

22
mv
mv
The change b 
 mv
mv
in kinetic
aa 
 F
F (
( x
x )
) dx
dx
energy equals work
22 22 xxaa
done on the particle W Work ba:
done by
the force
Theorem F on the
xb particle
1 1
mvb  mva 2   F ( x)dx
2

2 2 xa
 Some applications of Work-Energy relation
in 1-D
Examples
1. Mass thrown upward in a Uniform Gravitational
field
2. Simple Harmonic Motion
3. Vertical Motion in an inverse square field

Newton’s Laws Work Energy Theorem

Vector differential equations Energy equations - Scalar
 Maximum distance covered when Mass thrown upward in a Uniform Gravitational field

d 2z
m 2  mg
dt
1 Equation of motion 2 Work energy theorem

(t,z,v) Integrate once with I.C.

v  v0  gt......................(1) 1 1 m z

Time at which ball reaches maximum

mvm  mv0  mg  dz
2 2

2 2 z0
height: v0
tm 
g Integrate once with I.C.
Integrate eqn (1) again with I.C. 1
t
dz
t
 mv0 2  mg  zm  z0 
0 dt dt  0 (v0  gt )dt t2 2
z  z0  v0t  g
1 2 2 2
z (t )  z (0)  v0t 
2
gt
v0
(t0,z0,v0)
tm 2 z m  z0 
zm  z0  v0tm  g
2
(t=t m ) 2g
Eliminate time using tm.
v0 2
The solution makes
z m  z0 
2g no reference to time!
Solving the equation of Simple Harmonic Motion using
Work-Energy Theorem
x
1 2 1
mv  mv0 2   k  xdx
2 2 x0
x=0, v=vmax x=x0, v=0

x=x1, v=v1
Case I

Choose Initial conditions: at t=0, v=0, x=x0

Case II
Choose Initial conditions: at t=0, V=Vmax, x=0

Case III
Choose Initial conditions: at t=0, V=V1 , x=x1
 Solving the equation of Simple Harmonic Motion
x
1 2 1
mv  mv0 2  k  xdx
2 2 x0
x=x0
Case I
Choose Initial conditions: at t=0, v=0, x=x0

k
v2   x0 2  x 2 
Integrating again after separating variables m
x x k
dxdx k kt v  x0 2  x 2 
 x  x2x2 x2 x2   m m0 tdt m
x0 0
 0 0  

Hint : x  x0 sin( )
 x
dx k

x0  x0  x 
2 2

m
t Hint : x  x0 sin( )

dx  x0 cos  d

Integration limits, when x=x 0 ,sin   1   =
2
x 1  x 
x=x, sin =    sin  
x0  x0 
 x 
sin 1  
 x0 
x0 cos  d

  x0  x0 sin  
2 2 2
 t
2

 x 
sin 1  
 x0 
 x  1  x   x  

1
d  [sin    ]  t  sin     t   sin   t 
 x0  2  x0  2 x0 2 
2

x  x0 cos t   A cos t 

 Solving the equation of Simple Harmonic Motion
x
1 2 1
mv  mv0 2  k  xdx
2 2 x0
x=0, v=vmax
Case II
Choose Initial conditions: at t=0, V=Vmax, x=0

k 2
v 2  vmax 2    x 
Integrating again after separating variables m
x x
dxdx t 2 k 2
v  vmax  x
 0 2 2 k k 2 2 0 tdt m
0
vmax
vmax  x x
mm
vmax
Hint : x  sin( )

 x
dx vmax
 k 2
t Hint : x  sin( )
0
vmax 2
 x 
m vmax
dx  cos  d
Integration limits: when x=0,  =0 

when x=x, sin   x
vmax

 =sin -1 ( x)
vmax
 
sin 1 

x vmax   
sin 1  x vmax
 vmax   cos  d  vmax   cos  d
 

0
2 2
k v max
 
0
2 2
vmax (1  sin  )
t
2 2
vmax  2 sin 
m 2
  
sin 1  x
 vmax 
1 1   

0

d  sin 1 
  vmax
x  t

vmax
x sin t   B sin t 

 Solving the equation of Simple Harmonic Motion
x
1 2 1
mv  mv0 2  k  xdx
2 2 x0

Case III
Choose Initial conditions: at t=0, V=V1 , x=x1

x=x1, v=v1 k 2
v 2  v12    x  x12 
Integrating again after separating variables m
x
x
dxdx t k 2
v  v   x  x12 
2

 x 2 k k 2 2  0 dt t m
1

x1 1
v12v   x

2
x
 
x 2
x1 
1
mm 1 

Mathematical Physics by Arfken