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رياضيات اعمال شابتر 5
رياضيات اعمال شابتر 5
1 Equations
Solve equations using multiplication or division.
Solve equations using addition or subtraction.
Solve equations using more than one operation.
Solve equations containing multiple unknown
terms.
Solve equations containing parentheses.
Solve equations that are proportions.
Business Math, Eighth Edition © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ
Cleaves/Hobbs 07458 All Rights Reserved
5.1.1 Solve Equations Using
Multiplication or Division
An equation is a mathematical statement in
which two quantities are equal.
Solving an equation means finding the value of
an unknown.
For example: 8x = 24
To solve this equation, the value of x must be
discovered.
Division is used to solve this equation.
Business Math, Eighth Edition © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ
Cleaves/Hobbs 07458 All Rights Reserved
Key Terms
The letters (x,y,z) represent unknown
amounts and are called unknowns or
variables.
The numbers are called known or given
amounts.
4x = 16
Business Math, Eighth Edition © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ
Cleaves/Hobbs 07458 All Rights Reserved
Remember!
Any operation performed on one side of the
equation must be performed on the other side
of the equation as well.
If you “multiply by 2” on one side, you must
“multiply by 2” on the other side.
If you “divide by 3” on one side, you must
“divide by 3” on the other side and so on.
Business Math, Eighth Edition © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ
Cleaves/Hobbs 07458 All Rights Reserved
How to solve an equation with
multiplication and division
8x = 24
Step one: Isolate the unknown value.
Determine if multiplication or
division is needed.
Business Math, Eighth Edition © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ
Cleaves/Hobbs 07458 All Rights Reserved
Find the value of an unknown
using multiplication
Business Math, Eighth Edition © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ
Cleaves/Hobbs 07458 All Rights Reserved
Do this example
Business Math, Eighth Edition © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ
Cleaves/Hobbs 07458 All Rights Reserved
5.1.2 Solve an Equation with
Addition or Subtraction
4 + x = 10
Step one: Isolate the unknown value.
Determine if addition or
subtraction is needed.
Business Math, Eighth Edition © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ
Cleaves/Hobbs 07458 All Rights Reserved
Don’t forget!
Adding or subtracting any number from one
side must be carried out on the other side
as well.
Subtract “the given amount” from both sides.
Would solving 4 + x = 16 require addition
or subtraction of “4” from each side?
Subtraction
Business Math, Eighth Edition © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ
Cleaves/Hobbs 07458 All Rights Reserved
Do this example
Business Math, Eighth Edition © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ
Cleaves/Hobbs 07458 All Rights Reserved
5.1.3 Solve Equations Using
More Than One Operation
Business Math, Eighth Edition © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ
Cleaves/Hobbs 07458 All Rights Reserved
Order of Operations
When two or more calculations are written
symbolically, it is agreed to perform the
operations according to a specified order of
operations.
Perform multiplication and division as they
appear from left to right.
Perform addition and subtraction as they
appear from left to right.
Business Math, Eighth Edition © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ
Cleaves/Hobbs 07458 All Rights Reserved
“Undo the operations”
7x + 4 = 39
Business Math, Eighth Edition © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ
Cleaves/Hobbs 07458 All Rights Reserved
Try this example
7x + 4 = 39
First, undo the addition by subtracting 4 from each
side.
And that becomes 7x = 35
Business Math, Eighth Edition © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ
Cleaves/Hobbs 07458 All Rights Reserved
5.1.4 Equations Containing
Multiple Unknown Terms
Business Math, Eighth Edition © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ
Cleaves/Hobbs 07458 All Rights Reserved
Try this example
Find a if: a +4a – 5 = 30
Combine the unknown value addends.
a + 4a = 5a 5a – 5 = 30
“Undo” the subtraction. 5a = 35
“Undo” the multiplication. a=7
Check by replacing “a” with “7.
It is correct.
Business Math, Eighth Edition © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ
Cleaves/Hobbs 07458 All Rights Reserved
5.1.5 Solve Equations
Containing Parentheses
Business Math, Eighth Edition © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ
Cleaves/Hobbs 07458 All Rights Reserved
Look at this example
Business Math, Eighth Edition © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ
Cleaves/Hobbs 07458 All Rights Reserved
Tip!
Remove the parentheses first.
5 (x - 2) = 45
Do me first !
5x -10 = 45
5x = 55
x = 11
Business Math, Eighth Edition © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ
Cleaves/Hobbs 07458 All Rights Reserved
5.1.6 Solve Equations That
are Proportions
A proportion is based on two pairs of related
quantities.
The most common way to write proportions is to
use fraction notation.
A number written in fraction notation is also
called a ratio.
When two ratios are equal, they form a
proportion.
Business Math, Eighth Edition © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ
Cleaves/Hobbs 07458 All Rights Reserved
Cross products
An important property of proportions is that
the cross products are equal.
A cross product is the product of the
numerator of one fraction times the
denominator of another fraction.
Example: 4/6 = 6/9
Multiply 4 x 9 = 6 x 6 36 = 36
Business Math, Eighth Edition © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ
Cleaves/Hobbs 07458 All Rights Reserved
Verify that two fractions
form a proportion
Do 4/12 and 6/18 form a proportion?
Business Math, Eighth Edition © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ
Cleaves/Hobbs 07458 All Rights Reserved
5.2 Using Equations to
Solve Problems
There is a list of key words and what operations
they imply in your textbook. Please refer to it.
These words help you interpret the information
and begin to set up the equation to solve the
problem.
Example: “of” often implies multiplication.
“¼ of her salary” means “multiply her salary
by ¼”
Business Math, Eighth Edition © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ
Cleaves/Hobbs 07458 All Rights Reserved
Five-step problem solving
approach for equations
What you know.
Known or given facts.
Solution Plan
Equation or relationship among known / unknown facts.
Solution
Solve the equation.
Conclusion
Solution interpreted within context of problem.
Business Math, Eighth Edition © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ
Cleaves/Hobbs 07458 All Rights Reserved
Use the solution plan
Full time employees work more hours than part-
time employees. If the difference is four per
day, and part-time employees work six hours
per day, how many hours per day do full-timers
work?
What are we looking for?
Number of hours that FT work
What do we know?
PT work 6 hours;
The difference between FT and PT is 4 hours.
Business Math, Eighth Edition © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ
Cleaves/Hobbs 07458 All Rights Reserved
Use the solution plan
We also know that “difference” implies
subtraction.
Set up a solution plan.
FT – PT = 4
FT = N [unknown] PT = 6 hours
N–6=4
Solution plan: N = 4 + 6 = 10
Conclusion: Full time employees work 10 hours.
Business Math, Eighth Edition © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ
Cleaves/Hobbs 07458 All Rights Reserved
Try this example
Jill has three times as many trading cards as
Matt. If the total number that both have is 200,
how many cards does Jill have?
Use the five-step solution plan to solve this
problem:
1. What are you looking for?
2. What do you know?
3. Set up a solution plan.
4. Solve it.
5. Draw the conclusion.
Business Math, Eighth Edition © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ
Cleaves/Hobbs 07458 All Rights Reserved
Solution Plan
What are you looking for?
The number of cards that Jill has.
What do you know?
The relationship in the number of cards is 3:1; total is 200.
Solution plan
x (Matt’s) + 3x (Jill’s) = 200
Solve
x + 3x = 200
4x = 200; x = 50
Conclusion
Jill has “3x” or 150 cards.
Business Math, Eighth Edition © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ
Cleaves/Hobbs 07458 All Rights Reserved
Solving a word problem with a
total of two types of items
Business Math, Eighth Edition © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ
Cleaves/Hobbs 07458 All Rights Reserved
What are you looking for?
How many humorous cards were ordered and
how many nature cards were ordered.
The total of H + N = 600
Another way to look at this is:
N = 600 – H
If we let “H” represent the humorous cards,
Nature cards will be 600- H.
This will simplify the solution process by using
only one unknown: “H.”
Business Math, Eighth Edition © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ
Cleaves/Hobbs 07458 All Rights Reserved
Organize the information
What do you A total of $950 was
know? spent.
Two types of cards
were ordered.
The total number of
cards ordered was
600.
The humorous cards
cost $1.75 each/nature
cards cost $1.50 each.
Business Math, Eighth Edition © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ
Cleaves/Hobbs 07458 All Rights Reserved
Solution plan
Set up the equation by multiplying the
unit price of each by the volume,
represented by the unknowns equaling
the total amount spent.
$1.75(H) + $1.50 (600 – H) = $950.00
Unit Total
Volume
prices spent
“unknowns”
Business Math, Eighth Edition © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ
Cleaves/Hobbs 07458 All Rights Reserved
Solve the equation
$1.75H + $1.50(600-H) = $950.00
$0.25H = $50.00
H = 200
Business Math, Eighth Edition © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ
Cleaves/Hobbs 07458 All Rights Reserved
Conclusion
H = 200
The number of humorous cards ordered is
200.
Since nature cards are 600 – H, we can
conclude that 400 nature cards were ordered.
Using “200” and “400” in the original equation
proves that the volume amounts are correct.
Business Math, Eighth Edition © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ
Cleaves/Hobbs 07458 All Rights Reserved
Try this problem
Business Math, Eighth Edition © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ
Cleaves/Hobbs 07458 All Rights Reserved
Denise’s order
$11.75(F) + $9.25(75-F) = $756.25
$11.75 F + $693.75 - $9.25F = $756.25
$2.50F + $693.75 = $756.25
$2.50F = $62.50
F = 25
Business Math, Eighth Edition © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ
Cleaves/Hobbs 07458 All Rights Reserved
Proportions
The relationship between two factors is
often described in proportions. You can use
proportions to solve for unknowns.
Example: The label on a container of weed
killer gives directions to mix three ounces of
weed killer with every two gallons of water.
For five gallons of water, how many
ounces of weed killer should you use?
Business Math, Eighth Edition © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ
Cleaves/Hobbs 07458 All Rights Reserved
Use the solution plan
What are you looking for?
The number of ounces of weed killer needed for 5 gallons of
water.
What do you know?
For every 2 gallons of water, you need 3 oz. of weed killer.
Set up solution plan.
2/3 = 5/x
Solve the equation.
Cross multiply.
2x = 15; x = 7.5
Conclude
You need 7.5 ounces of weed killer for 5 gallons of water.
Business Math, Eighth Edition © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ
Cleaves/Hobbs 07458 All Rights Reserved
Proportions
Your car gets 23 miles to the gallon. How
far can you go on 16 gallons of gas?
1 gallon/23 miles = 16 gallons/ x miles
Cross multiply: 1x = 368 miles
Conclusion: You can travel 368 miles on 16
gallons of gas.
Business Math, Eighth Edition © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ
Cleaves/Hobbs 07458 All Rights Reserved
Direct Proportions
Many business-related problems that involve
pairs of numbers that are proportional involve
direct proportions.
An increase (or decrease) in one amount
causes an increase (or decrease) in the number
that pairs with it.
In the previous example, an increase in the
amount of gas would directly and
proportionately increase the mileage yielded.
Business Math, Eighth Edition © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ
Cleaves/Hobbs 07458 All Rights Reserved
5.3 Formulas
Evaluate a formula.
Find a variation of a formula by
rearranging the formula.
Business Math, Eighth Edition © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ
Cleaves/Hobbs 07458 All Rights Reserved
How to evaluate a formula
Write the formula.
Rewrite the formula substituting known values for
the letters of the formula.
Solve the equation for the unknown letter or perform
the indicated operations, applying the order of
operations.
Interpret the solution within the context of the
formula.
Business Math, Eighth Edition © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ
Cleaves/Hobbs 07458 All Rights Reserved
Try this problem
A plasma TV that costs $2,145 is
marked up $854. What is the selling
price of the TV? Use the formula S
= C + M where S is the selling price,
C is the cost, and M is Markup.
S = $2,145 + $854
S or Selling Price = $2,999
Business Math, Eighth Edition © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ
Cleaves/Hobbs 07458 All Rights Reserved
Find a variation of a formula by
rearranging the formula
Determine which variable of the formula is to be isolated
(solved for).
Highlight or mentally locate all instances of the variable to be
isolated.
Treat all other variables of the formula as you would treat
numbers in an equation, and perform normal steps for solving
an equation.
If the isolated variable is on the right side of the equation,
interchange the sides so that it appears on the left side.
Business Math, Eighth Edition © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ
Cleaves/Hobbs 07458 All Rights Reserved
Try this problem
The formula for Square Footage =
Length x Width or S = L x W. Solve
the formula for W or width.
Isolate W by dividing both sides by L
The new formula is then: S/L = W
Business Math, Eighth Edition © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ
Cleaves/Hobbs 07458 All Rights Reserved