رياضيات اعمال شابتر 2

2.
1 Fractions
Learning Objectives
 Identify types of fractions
 Convert an improper fraction to a whole or
mixed number
 Convert a whole or mixed number to an
improper fraction
 Reduce a fraction to lowest terms
 Raise a fraction to highest terms
Business Math, Eighth Edition © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ
Cleaves/Hobbs 07458 All Rights Reserved
2.1.1. Identify Types of Fractions
 A fraction is used to
identify parts of a
whole. It describes
the relationship
between the part
and the whole.
 There are four
parts: and one is
shaded white or 1
in 4 which is ¼.
Key Terms
 Denominator - the number appearing below
the fraction line.
 Numerator - the number appearing above the
fraction line.
 Fraction line - horizontal line dividing
numerator and denominator.
 Proper fraction - a fraction has a value than is
less than “1” (⅔, for example.)
Look at the fraction
⅔
 2 is the numerator
 3 is the denominator
 Is it a proper fraction?
Yes, because the value of the fraction is
less than “1”.
Identify the fraction
 ¾
 What part of the area

is shaded blue?
 The fraction is 3/7.

Improper fraction
The numerator is a greater value than the

denominator, and therefore is greater than
“1”.
 Proper or improper?
 10/4
 6/7
 9/8
Convert an improper fraction
to a whole or mixed number
 Divide the numerator or the improper

fraction by the denominator.
 If the remainder is zero, the quotient is a
whole number.
 If the remainder is not zero, the improper
fraction will be expressed as a mixed
number.
Try these examples
 120/10
 12
 119/3
 39 ⅔
 135/4
 33 ¾
Write a mixed number as an
improper fraction
 Find the numerator of the improper fraction.

 Multiply the denominator of the mixed number
by the whole number part.
 Add the product from the previous step to the
numerator of the mixed number.
 Use the denominator of the mixed number.
Look at this example
Convert 10 ¾ to an improper fraction
 The numerator of the fraction is “3.”
 Multiply the whole number, which is “10” by the
denominator which is “4”; the result is 40.
 Add the numerator to product; 40 + 3 = 43.
 Retain the same denominator.
 43/4 is the improper fraction equivalent.
Reduce a fraction to
lowest terms
 Inspect the numerator and denominator to find
any whole number by which both can be evenly
divided.
 Carry out the operation until there is no one
number that both can be evenly divided by.
 Tip: Check if the denominator can be divided
by the numerator: 3/15, for example, can be
reduced to 1/5 when 3 is divided into 15.
Reduce to lowest terms
 24/40
 3/5
 27/63
 3/7
 21/147
 1/7
Find the greatest common
divisor of two numbers
 The most direct way to reduce a fraction to

lowest terms is to use the GCD.
 The GCD is the largest number by which the
denominator and the numerator can be evenly
divided.
 For example, the GCD of 15 and 20 is 5. Any
number greater than 5 would result in a
quotient with a remainder.
How to find the GCD
 For example: find the GCD of 42 and 28.
 Divide the larger number by the smaller
number: 42 divided by 28 = 1 R 14
 Divide the divisor by the remainder of the
previous operation (28) by (14)
28 divided by 14 = 2 R 0.
 When the R = 0, the divisor from that operation
(14, in this case) is the GCD.
Try these examples
 30, 36
 GCD = 6
 30, 125
 GCD = 5
 17, 51
 GCD =17
Raise a fraction to higher
terms
¾ is equal to ?
8
 Look at the two denominators and divide.
 “4” goes into 8 two times.
 Multiply “3” by “2” to get the equivalent
numerator.
 ¾ = 6/8
Try these examples
Determine the equivalent fraction in

higher terms:
4/5 = ?/25
 20/25
7/8 = ?/40
 35/40
3/5 = ?/60
 36/60
2.2. Adding and Subtracting
Fractions
To add fractions with like denominators:

 Add the numerators
 The denominator remains the same
 Convert an improper fraction to a mixed
number, if necessary
 ¼ + ¾ + ¼ = 5/4 or 1 ¼
Adding fractions with
different denominators
 You must first find the lowest common

denominator (LCD).
 Smallest number that can be divided evenly by
each original denominator.
 For example: ¾ and ⅝ [using inspection]
 Convert ¾ to an equivalent fraction in eighths
and then add.
Adding fractions with
 Find the LCD for 4/5, 1/2 and 1/8.

 It is not as apparent which number might be the
LCD given the denominators of 5, 2 and 8.
 You can use prime numbers to find the LCD
 Prime number: a number greater than 1 that
can be divided evenly by only itself and 1
Find the LCD
using prime numbers
Denominators
Prime numbers 5 2 8
2 5 1 4
2 5 1 2
2 5 1 1
5 1 1 1
Find the LCD
 Multiply the prime numbers from the first
column together (2x2x2x5) to get the LCD.
 The LCD is 40.
 Convert the fractions to the equivalent using 40
as the denominator.
 4/5 becomes 32/40.
 ½ becomes 20/40.
 1/8 becomes 5/40.
Add the numerators
 32/40 + 20/40 + 5/40 = 57/40

 If the numerator is greater than the
denominator, it is an improper fraction and can
be expressed as a mixed number.
 It would be 1 17/40
 Inspect the fraction to determine if it is
expressed in lowest terms.
Subtracting fractions
with like denominators
 Subtract the smaller numerator from the greater

one.
 The denominator remains the same.
 5/8 – 3/8 = 2/8
 Reduce to lowest terms, if necessary.
 2/8 = 1/4
Subtracting fractions with
 As in addition, to subtract fractions you must

have a common denominator.
 Use the same methods of inspection or
prime numbers to determine the LCD.
 Carry out the operation.
 Reduce to lowest terms as needed.
Subtracting fractions with
 5/12 -1/3 = ?
 Find the LCD, which is 12.
 Change 1/3 to an equivalent fraction.
 1/3 = 4/12
 Carry out the operation:
 5/12- 4/12 = 1/12
 Reduce to lowest terms, if needed.
Try these examples
 7/8 – 2/3 =
 5/24
 2/3 – 1/5 =
 7/15
 4/5 -1/6 =
 19/30
Subtracting mixed numbers
 10 ⅛ – 7 ½ =
 Convert the fraction portion of each mixed
number to equivalent fractions.
10 1/8 - 7 4/8 =
 Borrow “1” from the whole number to carry out
the operation.
9 9/8 – 7 4/8 = 2 5/8
 Reduce to lowest terms, if necessary.
Try these examples
 Maria has 6 ⅛ cups of flour, but only needs
4 ¼ cups for her recipe. How much will she
have left?
 1⅞
 Julia needs 3 ⅔ yards of tape to finish a

display. Bob brought her a 5 ⅞ yard piece
from the supply room. How much will be
left?
 2 and 5/24
2.3 Multiplying and
Dividing Fractions
 Multiply fractions and mixed numbers
 Divide fractions and mixed numbers
1/4 divided by 2/3 = ?
4/5 x 5/8 = ?
Multiply fractions
and mixed numbers
 Find the numerator of the product: multiply

the numerators of the fractions.
 Find the denominator of the product:
multiply the denominators of the fractions.
 Reduce to lowest terms
Look at this example
 ⅓x⅞=
 1x7=7
 3 x 8 = 24
 The product is 7/24.
 Can this fraction be reduced further?
NO!
Tip!
 To keep things simple, if possible, reduce

before multiplying.
 ⅓x¾=?
 The “3” in the denominator in the first fraction
and the “3” in the numerator in the second
fraction cancel each other out and become “1”.
 The answer is ¼.
Multiply mixed numbers
and whole numbers
 Write the mixed numbers and whole numbers

as improper fractions.
 Reduce numerators and denominators as
appropriate.
 Multiply the fractions.
 Reduce to lowest terms and / or write as a
whole number or mixed number.
Try this example
 1⅔x3¾=?
 1 2/3 becomes 5/3
 3 ¾ becomes 15/4
 5/3 x 15/4 = ?
 The “3” can be reduced to “1” and the “15” to “5”
before multiplying.
 Multiply: 25/4.
 Convert to a mixed number.
 6¼
Are products always larger
than their factors?
 No. When the multiplier is a proper fraction,

the product is less than the original number.
5 x 3/5 = 3
 This is also true when the multiplicand is a

whole number, fraction or mixed number.
2½ x ½ = 1¼
Reciprocals
 The relationship between multiplying and

dividing fractions involves a concept called
reciprocals.
 Two numbers are reciprocals if their product is
equal to 1.
 2 is the reciprocal of ½.
 What is the reciprocal of ⅓?
 3
Divide fractions or mixed numbers
 Write numbers as fractions.

 Find the reciprocal of the divisor.
 Multiply the dividend by the reciprocal of the
divisor.
 Reduce to lowest terms, and/or write as a
whole or mixed number.
Here’s an example
 3¼ ÷ ⅔=?
 To carry out this operation,
 Convert 3 ¼ to an improper fraction
 Change ⅔ to its reciprocal which is 3/2
 Change from division to multiplication
 13/4 x 3/2 = 39/8
 39/8 = 4 ⅞
Try this problem
 Madison Duke makes appliqués. A customer has
ordered five appliqués. Madison has ¾ yard of
fabric and each appliqué requires 1/6 of a yard.
Does she need more fabric?
 ¾ ÷ 1/6 becomes ¾ x 6
 Simplify by dividing 4 and 6 by 2.
 Multiply 3/2 x 3.
 The answer is 4 ½; therefore she can only make
4 appliqués and she needs more fabric.
Try this problem
 A home goods store is stacking

decorative boxes on shelves. If each
box is 6 ⅔ inches tall, and the shelf
space is 45 inches, how many boxes
will fit on each shelf?
 Six

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رياضيات اعمال شابتر 2

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2.

 What part of the area

 The fraction is 3/7.

The numerator is a greater value than the

 Divide the numerator or the improper

 Find the numerator of the improper fraction.

 The most direct way to reduce a fraction to

Determine the equivalent fraction in

To add fractions with like denominators:

 You must first find the lowest common

 Find the LCD for 4/5, 1/2 and 1/8.

 32/40 + 20/40 + 5/40 = 57/40

 Subtract the smaller numerator from the greater

 As in addition, to subtract fractions you must

 Julia needs 3 ⅔ yards of tape to finish a

1/4 divided by 2/3 = ?

 Find the numerator of the product: multiply

 Reduce to lowest terms

 To keep things simple, if possible, reduce

 Write the mixed numbers and whole numbers

 No. When the multiplier is a proper fraction,

 This is also true when the multiplicand is a

 The relationship between multiplying and

 Write numbers as fractions.

 A home goods store is stacking

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