PRESENTATIO PRESENTERS NAME :

N
RESOURCE & ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS 1. Afrina Akter Akhi
ID : 18401002
Course Code : 405 2. Mohajjabah Binte Billah
ID : 18401004
Course Teacher 3. Afsana Taharat
ID : 18401006
Mallika Roy 4. Sadia Sultana
Assistant Professor, ID : 18401007
5. Md Mahmudul Hasan
Department of Economics
ID : 18401009
University of Chittagong

Group - A
DIFFERENT TYPES OF POLLUTION AND IMPLICATIONS FOR
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY IN BANGLADESH
Pollution has become the first enemy of mankind. The protection of the environment has become a major issue around the globe for the well-being of the
people and economic development.

Different aspects of environmental pollution

Air In Bangladesh indoor air pollution is mainly associated with the use
of biomass fuels during cooking with poor ventilation. Industrial
Pollution emissions and automobiles are the principal sources of outdoor air
pollution.

Water Dumping municipal wastes, hospital wastes, and toxic environmental

discharges from mostly industries pollute surface and groundwater
Pollution
  sources are the causes.

Noise At present noise levels in Dhaka city are estimated to range from 60
to 100 decibels. If the present situation continues then by the year
Pollution 2017, 50% of people of Dhaka city will lose 30 decibels of hearing
power. Air Pollution Water Pollution
Soil pollution causes a chain reaction. It alters soils' biodiversity, reduces Noise Pollution Soil Pollution
Soil soil organic matter and soils' capacity to act as a filter. It also contaminates Others
Pollution the water stored in the soil and groundwater, and causes an imbalance of
soil nutrients.
Background of environment policy
 The idea of environmental protection through national efforts was first recognized and declared with the adoption of the
Environmental Policy in 1992.
 The Environmental policy of Bangladesh is formulated based on a set of guiding principles of two UN conferences: the
1972 conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm.
 The Environment Policy, 1992 recognizes a set of issues:
1. Coordinated lookout and Necessary Action Program
2. Adapting Integrated Environment Policy (by setting priorities) Sustainable use of Natural Resources (through mass
awareness)

Objectives Environment to be the priority

of the government with political Environment policy is
blessing irrespective of the to provide the basic
To maintain ecological balance and overall development changes of the regime. premise to define the
through protection and improvement of the environment.

Challenges of
Implementation
The role of the judiciary is goals of economic
To protect the country against natural disasters. important in taking Suo Motu’s and social
rules. development in
To identify and regulate activities that pollute and degrade the The role of the civil society and terms of
environment. media as watchdogs in the sustainability in the
effective implementation of the respective sector in
To ensure environmentally sound development in all sectors.
policy overall national
To ensure sustainable, long-term, and environmentally sound planning.
use of national resources.
CURRENT SITUATION OF RECYCLABLE RESOURCES OF
BANGLADESH
Since our resources are limited, we have to use our resources
maximally. Not all “wastes” need to be wasted rather those can be
recycled for further usage. Recycling mainly involves the processing
of materials so that they can be used as raw materials for making
useful things. 

Year Total Urban Urban Waste Total Waste

population population production production
(%) rate (Ton/Day)
(capita/kg/da Table. Urban solid waste production in Bangladesh
y)

 
1991 20872204 20.15 0.49 9873.5
Composting
2001 28808477 23.39 0.5 11,695
Same
Energy Application
2004 32765152 25.08 0.5 16,382 Recovery recovery Mechanical
Cycling
New
Material
2025 78440000 40 0.6 47,064 Application
Recycling Feedstock
(Forecast)
recycling
Waste Management In Bangladesh : Recyclable Products of Bangladesh

It is also reported that 6 major cities of Bangladesh generate Plastic After shredding or grinding plastic into smaller flakes
turns a pure stream of material
approximately 7,690 tons of solid waste every day.

Benefits Ship
Breaking Act as main source of raw materials for Steel
industries

Lower ‌Reduce Hydro

‌Reduce Electricity In this process the water used to power the turbine
pollution, dependence repeatedly for producing electricity
Landfill ‌Creates Job
Clean on foreign
Deficiency
Environment raw materials Aluminium
Can & Paper These can be reused or processed to remake

Conclusion Household
Wastes Can be reused as raw materials of biogas

Our resources are limited but the demand is not. If we want to make
maximum use of our scarce resources recycling is the way through it.
CURRENT SITUATION OF REPLENISHABLE BUT DEPLETABLE
RESOURCES IN BANGLADESH : WATER
Water is the depletable resources which replenishable Where is Earth’s Water?
2.5 1.2 0.26
0.49
0.9 2.6
through the hydrologic cycle. 3
3.8
living Things
Available Supply of
30.1
Water Rivers
20.9
Swamps,marshes

Atmosphere

Surface water Ground water Soil Moistures

(replenishable) (depletable) Lakes

Ground Ice & Permafrost

96.5
The
  potential of water scarcity : Global Surface/Other Fresh Water

statistics Ground Water

69
Glaciers & Ice Caps 68.7

● Globally,annual water withdrawal is expected to grow by 10- Freshwater

12 percent every 10years.
Other Saline Water

Oceans

● Water demand for energy could double by 2035.

The potential of water scarcity : Bangladesh statistics
● Approximately,28.42km3 or 79 percent of the total water
● Agriculture is the major water using sector
withdrawal, comes from groundwater and 7.39km3 or 21
in Bangladesh.
percent from surface water.

Current allocation system in Bangladesh:

Potential Remedies:
● Ground water currently provides 98%of all drinking water supply in
Bangladesh. ● Water transfer and water market
● Bangladesh's surface and ground water are highly saline due to rising
sea levels. ● Instream flow protection
● According to UNICEF,38.3% of Bangladeshis drink water from
bacteria contaminated water.
● Water prices
● There 19.4million Bangladeshis still drinking arsenic contaminated
water.
● Desalination
● In Urban areas,revenues from water sales don’t cover operating cost.
● Privatization
● Water coverage(broad definition)-87%
LOCATIONALLY FIXED, MULTIPURPOSE RESOURCES SUCH AS LAND
Ministry of land is
The Government
Land is the
Topography Ministry Of
solid part of
matters, land’s Bangladesh
the surface of
location is responsible for
the earth.
fixed. formulating and
implementing
national policy on
lands.

The land area of

Bangladesh : 130,170square
kilometres .
Agricultural land is the most
common land use in
Bangladesh. According to Oxfarm report,
the number of men land
owners is six times higher
than woman land owners in
Bangladesh.
Characteristics of Land: Classification of Land Use:

Locationally Agricultural
Multipurpose Use of Land
Fixed
Indusrial

Three major landscape types are found in Bangladesh.

These are : Residential

Ter- Hills
race 12%
s Recreational
8%

About 67 percent of Bangladesh nonurban land is arable. The

country produces large quantities of qualities-Timber, Bamboo,
and sugercane.
Floo
dpla
ins
80%

Floodplains Terraces Hills

STORABLE, RENEWABLE RESOURCES SUCH AS FOREST
Renewable resources means the resources can be renewed as they are used. An example is timber, which comes from trees. New trees can
be planted to replace those that are cut down. The forest is viewed as a storable renewable resource and forestry as an investment with
long rotation (production) periods and easily measurable stock growth.
Economics assist sustainable management of forest resources through an efficient allocation in terms of the value of harvested timber.
Economics model this like: the efficient decision to cut the trees, influence of the forest resource value on harvesting decision, the
possible inefficiencies from public/private management decisions and strategies for restoring efficiency.

Storable And Renewable Resources

Current forestry practices may be violating both the sustainability and efficiency Criteria. The weak sustainability criterion could be
satisfied even if the volume of wood were declining over time by providing a compensating amount of some commodity or service they
value even more. Forest Economics mainly focused on forest harvesting.
 
Characterizing Forest Harvesting The Biological Dimension
Decisions Tree growth is conventionally measured on a volume basis, typically
Timber is both an output and a capital good. The cubic feet, on a particular site. This measurement is taken of the stems,
harvest decision involves how much timber to exclusive of bark and limbs Young trees will grow tall quickly, but
harvest, how often to harvest it and whether to volume growth is slow. Medium aged trees increase in volume quite
replant after harvesting. Forest managers will decide rapidly while mature trees grow very slowly and eventually stop
between harvesting today and waiting to harvest. growing or reverse growth. Growth will also be affected by weather, soil
fertility, disease, forest fires, etc.
The Economics of Forest Harvesting
A rational decision-maker compares the marginal benefit of waiting a year more with the marginal cost of waiting a year more. It can also
be looked at this problem as a trade-off between two choices
(i) Harvest now, sell the timber, and invest sales proceeds for a year or
(ii) Wait for the tree to grow one more year and then harvest.
The optimal harvest time occurs where the rate of return from letting the stand grow over the last increment of age should be equal to the
market rate of return. Harvesting costs are discounted and are proportional to the amount of timber harvested. The net benefit of a unit of
wood harvested at any age is the price of the wood minus the marginal cost of that unit. High discount rates and high replanting costs
could make replanting prohibitively expensive.

Considering multiple uses of Timber Conclusions

Nowadays, people are focusing on only one use of forest –
timber,
  in which the benefit of letting trees grow is the
growth in their stumpage value of timber.
The non-timber values of mature forests are, for example,
flood and erosion control, wildlife and clean water
provision, medicinal plants, carbon sequestration,
recreation and many others. If these services are more
valuable than the timber of a new plantation, the harvest
age should be extended.
Sustainable Forestry Profit-maximizing decisions may not be efficient
due to externalities. Efficiency and sustainable forestry are not
necessarily compatible. Practices aimed at sustainable forestry that is
also economically sustainable had led to a focus on rapidly growing
trees and plantation forestry.
Sustainable Forest Management would be a new paradigm with broader
social, economic and environmental goals, taking an ecosystem
approach that recognizes multiple forest values and aiming at balance
between economic demand for forest products and protection of the
forests for wider social and environmental goals.