1 and 2-W & WW Eng - Introd Chapt 1& 2 New

Text book
ECVL 444: W & WW Eng., Introduction Page: 1-6
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE:
THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE DESCRIBES THE
MOVEMENT OF WATER IN NATURE.
1
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HYDROLOGIC CYCLE:
- FRESH WATER IS ONLY 2.5 % OF TOTAL WATER ON
EARTH.
- OVER 70% OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES USE

SURFACE-WATER (30% FROM GROUNDWATER) FOR
PUBLIC SUPPLY.
2
ECVL 444: W & WW Eng., Introduction
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE:
- GROUNDWATER IS A UNIQUE RESOURCE DEPENDENT ON
PRECIPITATION, RECHARGE, EVAPORATION, AND HYDRAULIC
CONNECTION WITH RIVERS, SPRINGS, AND WETLANDS.
- 30% IS THE SHARE OF GROUNDWATER

AS WATER SUPPLY.
- RECHARGE IS INCREASED BY ENHANCING
CONNECTIVITY BETWEEN SURFACE-WATER
TO GROUNDWATER AND BY
DIRECT INJECTION
- GROUNDWATER SYSTEMS THROUGHOUT THE U.S. HAVE

BEEN PERMANENTLY LOWERED BY WITHDRAWALS THAT
EXCEED RECHARGE, IN JORDAN 2.5% OF THE KINGDOM GROSS DOMESTIC
PRODUCT (GDP) IN LAST SEVERAL YEARS, 3
4
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HYDROLOGIC
CYCLE:
HUMANS INTERVENE IN
THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
BY USING WATER FOR
DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION.
GENERATION OF
ARTIFICIAL WATER CYCLES
IN INDUSTRIALIZED
REGIONS OF THE WORLD,
WASTEWATER IS TREATED The Ganges suffers from extreme pollution levels [122], caused
by the 400 million people who live close to the river. [123][124]
BEFORE BEING Sewage from many cities along the river's course, industrial
waste and religious offerings wrapped in non-degradable
plastics add large amounts of pollutants to the river as it flows
DISCHARGED through densely populated areas. [9][125][126] The problem is
exacerbated by the fact that many poorer people rely on the
river on a daily basis for bathing, washing, and cooking. [125]
The World Bank estimates that the health costs of
water pollution in India equal three percent of India's GDP.[i] It
has also been suggested that eighty percent of all illnesses in
IN NON-INDUSTRIALIZED India and one-third of deaths can be attributed to water-borne

diseases.[e] Varanasi, a city of one million people that many
pilgrims visit to take a "holy dip" in the Ganges, releases
REGIONS, CONCENTRATED around 200 million litres of untreated human sewage
river each day
5 into the
POLLUTION IS OFTEN
Text Book Chap

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Page : 3 -4
Text book
ECVL 444: W & WW Eng., Introduction Page:
WATER FOOTPRINT:
HTTP://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=0_BUZH6T6ZU
WHAT'S YOUR WATER FOOTPRINT?
7
Text book
ECVL 444: W & WW Eng., Introduction Page:
WATER FOOTPRINT:
HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=B1F-G6V3VOA
WHERE IS WATER? - THE WATER ROOMS #2
8
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HYDROLOGIC CYCLE:
- INITIALLY ENGINEERS FOCUSED ON THE
DEVELOPMENT OF WATER SUPPLY AND CONSTRUCTION
(STILL IN DEMAND).
- INCREASED WATER USE HAS CREATED ENVIRONMENT
CONSEQUENCES.
- THE NEED TO ENGINEER TO DEVELOP WASTEWATER
TREATMENT (STILL IN DEMAND). THEN ….↓
- WW TREATMENT PLANT REPRESENT SINGLE LARGEST
ELECTRICITY DEMAND OF A CITY.
- MAJOR SOURCE OF OXYGEN DEPLETION AND GREEN
HOUSE GAS EMISSION.
- IMPROVEMENT OF TREATMENT EFFICIENCY AND 9
10
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HYDROLOGIC CYCLE:
USE OF VARIOUS WATER SOURCES REQUIRES AN
UNDERSTANDING OF THE SEQUENCES OF:
- WATER-SUPPLY CHOICES (QUALITY, QUANTITY, LONG-TERM
PERFORMANCE, EXPENSES,…
- WATER QUALITY CONCERNS ASSOCIATED WITH THE SURFACE
WATER AND GROUNDWATER (UNCERTAINTIES)WHEN USING
WATER OR DISCHARGING WW.
- DEGREE OF TREATMENT REQUIRED PRIOR TO

RECHARGE
NOWADAYS: ENERGY DEMAND PLAYING A MAJOR 11

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CONVENTIONAL METHODS:
SEPARATION OF SUSPENDED SOLIDS,
TREATMENT/OXIDATION OF ORGANIC MATERIALS
(CALLED PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TREATMENT, BOD
OR COD REDUCTION),
STILL HIGH LEVEL OF P, N, EMERGING
CONTAMINANTS, INDUSTRIAL
SOLUBLE MATERIALS.
- RELYING ON DILUTION AND NATURAL
PURIFICATION PROCESSES OF REMAINING
CONTAMINANTS.
- DILUTION AND DRY WEATHER ???
- ISSUE: THE NEXT CITY/USERS

DOWNSTREAM MAY WITHDRAW THE WATER 12
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HYDROLOGIC CYCLE:
ADVANCED WASTEWATER TREATMENT BY
MECHANICAL PLANTS↓ OR LAND DISPOSAL
TECHNIQUES HAS BEEN INTRODUCED INTO THE
ARTIFICIAL WATER CYCLE
13
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HYDROLOGIC CYCLE:
LAND DISPOSAL TECHNIQUES: ODOR, LAND
AVAILABILITY, GROUNDWATER QUALITY CONCERNS,
Adv. : less energy demand, less operation cost,

Disadv. : More land, more and uncontrolled odor
14
generation if near developments
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Carbon Footprint:
Carbon footprint is the total amount of green house gas (GHG)
emission caused directly and indirectly by an individual,
organization or industry (i.e. by a wastewater treatment industry,
or a public transportation sector).
Kyoto Protocol (1997):
Defined legal binding limits and
time table for reducing GHG
emission for industrialized
countries (based on CO2).
IN Water Treatment: Technology development for energy efficiency, using renewable energies
In Wastewater Treatment industry, special attention paid to:
- Biosolids (by-product of mechanical WW treatment process) as emerging bio-resource
energy, then composted and used on agricultural land or bagged and sold to the public.
- WWT, oxidation or CO2 emission station, anaerobic treatment and digestion is preferred.
.15
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Text book
ECVL 444: W & WW Eng., Introduction * Page: 1-6
ADVANCED WATER AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT INCORPORATES

BOTH BIOLOGICAL UNIT OPERATIONS AND CHEMICAL PROCESSES
(THAT ARE SIMILAR TO THOSE APPLIED IN WATER TREATMENT, COAGULATION,
FLOCCULATION,..).
THE BASIC SCIENCES OF CHEMISTRY, BIOLOGY,

HYDRAULICS AND HYDROLOGY ARE THE
FOUNDATION FOR UNDERSTANDING WATER
SUPPLY, WASTEWATER TREATMENT,
SUSTAINABILITY AND OPPORTUNITIES TO
REDUCE CARBON FOOTPRINT.
17
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CHEMISTRY:
- FUNDAMENTAL CHEMICAL IDENTITIES THAT FORM ALL
SUBSTANCES ARE REFERRED TO AS ELEMENTS.
- EACH DIFFERS FROM ANY OTHER IN WEIGHT, SIZE,

AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES,
- ELEMENTS CAN APPEAR IN NATURE AS GASES,

LIQUIDS OR SOLIDS (STATES OF MATTER).
- SYMBOLS FOR ELEMENTS ARE USED IN WRITING

CHEMICAL FORMULAS AND EQUATIONS
18
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CHEMISTRY:
- INFORMATION ABOUT ELEMENTS COMMON IN WATER
AND WASTEWATER TECHNOLOGY
- IMPORTANT, DUE TO THEIR ABUNDANCE, SOLUBILITY AND HEALTH &
ENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVITIES
19
Text book
CHEMISTRY:
-RADICALS (POLYATOMIC IONS): CERTAIN GROUPINGS OF ATOMS
ACT TOGETHER AS A UNIT IN A NUMBER OF DIFFERENT MOLECULES
HAVING +/- CHARGES.
POLYATOMIC ION
20
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Page: 1-6
CHEMISTRY:
- RADICALS THEMSELVES ARE NOT COMPOUNDS, BUT JOIN
OTHER ELEMENTS TO FORM COMPOUNDS.
Ammonium phosphate (NH4H2PO4) is produced by reacting phosphoric acid (H 3PO4) with anhydrous ammonia (NH3). 21
Text book
CHEMISTRY:
22
CHEMISTRY:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki
/Reactivity_series
Starts
from K+
Starts
from Cl-
23
LI > K > SR > NA > CA > MG > AL > ZN > CR > FE > CD > CO > NI > SN > PB > H > CU > AG > HG > PT > AU
CHEMISTRY:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki
/Reactivity_series
Starts
from K+
Starts
from Cl-
24
CHEMISTRY:
25
CHEMISTRY:
26
ECVL 444: W & WW Eng., Introduction *
CHEMISTRY:
HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION AND PH:
K=10-14
PH + POH=14
27
CHEMISTRY:
CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIA
28
CHEMISTRY:
HOMOGENEOUS EQUILIBRIA: ALL REACTANTS AND
PRODUCTS OCCUR IN THE SAME PHYSICAL STATE (I.E.
SOLUBLE IN WATER).
K DEPENDS ON TEMPERATURE.
IN TREATMENT, WHEN INTERESTED IN CONVERSION OF HARMFUL CHEMICAL TO
LESS HARMFUL …
29
CHEMISTRY:
HOMOGENEOUS EQUILIBRIA:
PKA= -LOG K
30
CHEMISTRY:
HETEROGENEOUS EQUILIBRIA: EQUILIBRIA EXISTING
BETWEEN SUBSTANCES IN TWO OR MORE PHYSICAL
STATES.
IN TREATMENT, WHEN INTERESTED IN FORCING POLLUTANTS TO LEAVE AS GAS OR
SOILD
CALCIUM CARBONATE IS POORLY SOLUBLE IN PURE WATER (47 MG/L AT NORMAL
ATMOSPHERIC CO2 PARTIAL PRESSURE AS SHOWN BELOW).
31
… and, gas stripping according to henry’s law

To be discussed
32
CHEMISTRY:
HTTP://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=TOCV3FYY-_C
2-4: SHIFTING OF CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIA:

CHEMICAL REACTIONS ARE USED TO SHIFT
CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIA AND CONSEQUENTLY TO
REMOVE SUBSTANCES FROM SOLUTION.
1- PRECIPITATION REACTIONS:
EXP: SOFTENING OF CALCIUM BICARBONATE,
CALCIUM OXIDE (CAO), COMMONLY KNOWN AS QUICKLIME
CAO + H2O → CA(OH)2 (ΔHR = −63.7 KJ/MOL OF CAO)
CALCIUM HYDROXIDE, TRADITIONALLY CALLED SLAKED LIME
- FORCING IMPURITIES TO SOLID FORM.

33
Unwanted
Sodium carbonate (also known as

washing soda, soda ash and soda
crystals), Na2CO3, is a sodium salt of
carbonic acid.
Different from baking soda: NaHCO3
34
EXP. 2-3:
35
EXP. 2-3:
36
CHEMISTRY:
HETEROGENEOUS EQUILIBRIA: EQUILIBRIA EXISTING BETWEEN SUBSTANCES IN TWO
OR MORE PHYSICAL STATES.
2.4: SHIFTING OF CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIA:
CHEMICAL REACTIONS ARE USED TO SHIFT
CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIA TO REMOVE SUBSTANCES
FROM SOLUTION.
- FORCING IMPURITIES TO SOLID OR GAS FORM.
2- GAS-PRODUCING REACTIONS: EXP: AMMONIA
STRIPPING TO REMOVE NITROGEN FROM W.W.
Dissolved gas
37
HENRY’S LAW:
[GAS]AQ = KH × PG
[GAS]AQ : CONCENTRATION OF DISSOLVED GAS (MOLE/L)
PG = THE PARTIAL PRESSURE OF THE GAS IN AIR.
KH : HENRY LAW CONSTANT,
For Ammonia:
KH=56 mole/ L-
atm @ 25 °C
38
Gas
NH4H2PO4
39
Chemistry:
2.6: Gas Solubility: based on Henry’s law
Oxygen: - Aeration tanks, DO in resources,
Methane (CH4) Gas:
- No reaction with water (illuminating gas),
- Product of anaerobic digestion processes,
Chlorine: - Disinfection source
- Liquid Cl in pressurized cylinder,
- Cl gas due to release of pressure, solubility
Carbon dioxide: 0.03% of air, carbonate alkalinity source,
40
HENRY’S LAW:
[GAS]AQ = KH × PG
Changes with
elevation
(both air pressure &
oxygen fraction)
41
CHEMISTRY:
2.4: ACID-BASE REACTION (NEUTRALIZATION):
2 X NaOH
EXP:
1 X H2SO4
APPLICATION: TWO PHASE DIGESTERS
42
EXP. 2-4:
43
CHEMISTRY:
OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTIONS:
COMMON EXP: RUSTING OF IRON,
IN W.W. ENG:
Iron(II) oxide, also known by its former name ferrous oxide or informally as iron
monoxide, is one of the iron oxides. It is a black-colored powder with the chemical
formula FeO. It consists of the chemical element iron in the oxidation state of 2
bonded to oxygen. Its mineral form is known as wüstite. Iron(II) oxide should not be
confused with rust, which usually consists of hydrated iron(III) oxide, ferric oxide.
(ferric oxide).
WHY REMOVAL:DISSOLVED FERROUS

OXIDE GIVES WATER A DISAGREEABLE METALLIC
TASTE. WHEN THE IRON COMBINES WITH TEA,
COFFEE AND OTHER BEVERAGES, IT PRODUCES
AN INKY, BLACK APPEARANCE AND A HARSH,
UNACCEPTABLE TASTE. VEGETABLES COOKED IN
44
WATER CONTAINING EXCESSIVE IRON TURN
CHEMISTRY:
CHEMICAL KINETICS:
Zero-order reaction First-order reaction Second-order reaction
Exp: 2-6 45
CHEMISTRY:
CHEMICAL KINETICS:
Zero-order reaction First-order reaction Second-order reaction
46
CHEMISTRY:
CHEMICAL KINETICS:
47
Alkalinity:
- The total amount of H+ that can be neutralized by a
solution:
Alkalinity (mole/L)= [HCO3-] + 2x[CO32-] + [OH-] - [H+]
Each carbonate ion can neutralize two H+.
Alkalinity (eq/L)= (HCO3-) + (CO32-) + (OH-) – (H+)
- Measured by Tablets + photometer

- Titration: reading materials
48
What Does Alkalinity Imply?
- In typical range of pH (6.5 ≤ pH ≤ 10 ):

Alkalinity (meq/L) = (HCO3-) + (CO32-) + (OH-) – (H+)
also mg/l CaCO3
Alkalinity (meq/L) = (HCO ) 3
- 49
CHEMISTRY:
2-8: COLLOIDS:
- TURBIDITY PRODUCING SUBSTANCES,
- CLAY PARTICLES, SUBSTANCES SUCH AS COLOR
COMPOUNDS,
MATTERS FROM DECAYING VEGETATION OF MUNICIPAL
WASTE,
- SIZE 1-500 NM,
- DO NOT SETTLE OUT NORMALLY, HIGH
SURFACE/WEIGH RATIOS,
GRAVITY FORCE IS NOT ENOUGH
TO SETTLE OUT THE COLLOIDS,
- SIZE-BASED SEPARATION IS
EXPENSIVE.
50
CHEMISTRY:
2-8: COLLOIDS:
51
CHEMISTRY:
2-8: COLLOIDS:
- HYDROPHILIC COLLOIDS: ATTRACT WATER
MOLECULES, HARD TO REMOVE
EXP: SOAP, SOLUBLE STARCH,
SYNTHETIC
DETERGENTS, BLOOD SERUM,
- HYDROPHOBIC COLLOIDS: NO AFFINITY FOR WATER,

EASIER TO REMOVE
DEPENDS ON ELECTRICAL
CHARGE TO REMAIN
IN WATER.
EXP: MOST OF ORGANIC
MATERIAL, CLAY 52
-Coagulation and Flocculation:
-Objective: to alter the particle surface to allow them adhere to
each other. Due to this process, their sizes increases, can be
removed by filtration or sedimentation.
-Coagulation : A chemical treatment process, for particles having net
negative (or positive) surface charge and repelling each other.
53
1- Neutralizing the surface charge, allow particles to come together,
2- Usual coagulants: Alum Al2(SO4)3 + 18 H2O
Ferric Chloride FeCl3 Research should be conducted
FeSO4
Polymers
54
Coagulants are added in a rapid mix / coagulation tank, about 30
second detention time, the slow mixing for about 30 minutes.
55
CHEMISTRY:
2-9: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS:
- HYDROCARBONS: H AND C, SINGLE BONDS BETWEEN
CARBON ATOMS.
EITHER FAST OR GRADUAL OXIDATION ..
UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS (OLEFINS): MULTIPLE BONDS

BETWEEN SOME CARBON ATOMS, ETHYLENE AND ACETYLENE,
CALLED UNSATURATED,
56
AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS: THE BASIC FORM IS BENZENE,
CHEMISTRY:
- ALCOHOLS: LIKE HYDROCARBONS, REPLACING H BY
–OH, BOILING UNDER 100 ºC,
PHENOL: C6H5OH
57
CHEMISTRY:
- ALDEHYDES: CONTAINING CARBONYL GROUP, USED IN
PLASTICS AND RESINS, ACETONE IS A GOOD SOLVENT OF
FAT, GLASSWARE CLEANING AGENT,
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS: ALL ORGANIC ACIDS CONTAIN

THE CARBOXYL GROUP, THE HIGHEST STATE OF
OXIDATION THAT AN ORGANIC RADICAL CAN ACHIEVE.
58
CHEMISTRY:
2-9: PHARMACEUTICALS IN WATER AND WASTEWATER:
- ANTIBIOTICS, HORMONES, CAFFEINE, NICOTINE,
ACETAMINOPHEN,
- DISINFECTANTS, INSECTICIDES, ANTIOXIDANTS, TABLE
2-10,
- USUALLY NOT SETTLEABLE, DISCHARGE WITH

EFFLUENT WASTEWATER, POLLUTION OF WATER
RESOURCES,
COMMON TECHNIQUE TO REMOVE:

- REVERSE OSMOSIS + ULTRAVIOLET DISINFECTION+ HYDROGEN
PEROXIDE
- OR JUST PARTIAL FAST OXIDATION THROUGH DISINFECTION
PROCESSES, OZONE OR CHLORINE, 59
CHEMISTRY:
2-10: ORGANIC MATERIALS IN WASTEWATER:
For Anaerobic
Or in aerobic, they are oxidized to generate more Energy plus CO2, water, …
HYDROLYSIS: MOST OF CARBOHYDRATES., LIPIDS AND PROT. CAN
NOT BE CONSUMED BY BACTERIA SINCE THEY CAN NOT PASS THROUGH
CELL MEMBRANES.
Carbonic acid is a
chemical compound with the
chemical formula H2CO3
(equivalently: OC(OH)2).
60
CHEMISTRY:
2-10: ORGANIC MATERIALS IN WASTEWATER:
READILY BIODEGRADABLE, SUGAR, ALCOHOL,
SLOWLY BIODEGRADABLE, PROTEINS
NON BIODEGRADABLE, LONG CHAIN SATURATED

HYDROCARBONS, CELLULOSE,
61
CHEMISTRY:
2-10: LABORATORY ANALYSIS:
HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION,
ALKALINITY AND ACIDITY, TITRATION OR PRESET TESTS USING
SPECTROPHOTOMETER
HARDNESS,
IRON AND MANGANESE
FLUORIDE
COLORIMETRIC MEASUREMENTS (HARDNESS, DO, F, IRON,
MANGANESE, ),
SPECTROPHOTOMETER: MOST ACCURATE, USED IN
COLORIMETRIC MEASUREMENTS, MONOCHROMIC
LIGHT,
62
Stirring device
CHEMISTRY:
2-10: LABORATORY ANALYSIS:
JAR TEST:
STIRRING DEVICE, 6 PADDLES,
SPEED: 5-300 RPM,
DIFFERENT DOSAGE OF COAGULANTS, 1 LITER
WATER/WW SAMPLE,
MIXING: 1 MINUTE, 60-100 RPM
FLOCCULATION: ABOUT 15 MINUTES, 30 RPM.
(CAN BE DIFFERENT: 1MIN WITH 100 RPM THEN 20 MIN
WITH 5 RPM)
MEASUREMENTS: TURBIDITY TEST, SOLID TESTS, …..
63
CHEMISTRY: Spectrophotometer
2-10: COD TEST:
Tube heater
COD Tube
64
CHEMISTRY:
2-10: COD TEST:
TCOD: HOMOGENIZE (+ DILUTE) THEN COD TEST

FCOD: NO HOMOGENIZATION, FILTER BY 1.6
MICROMETER GLASS FIBER FILTER, COD TEST
FFCOD (SCOD):NO HOMOGENIZATION, FIRST FILTER BY
1.6 ΜM GLASS FIBER FILTER, ADD COAGULANT,
CENTRIFUGE, FILTER BY 0.45 ΜM, COD TEST
APPLICATION: FRACTIONATION TO PREDICT

BIODEGRADATION RATE. 65
CHEMISTRY:
2-10: COD TEST:
TCOD ≥ FCOD ≥ FFCOD
66
CHEMISTRY: FYI
2-10: COD TEST:
- BIODEGRADABILITY IS RELATED TO THE CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION,
- RATE OF BIODEGRADATION IS RELATED TO BOTH CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION AND SIZE/PHASE OF MATERIALS.
TCOD: INCLUDING ALL CONTENTS
1-ALL NON BIODEGRADABLE COD (SOLUBLE OR
SUSPENDED),
2-ALL SLOWLY BIODEGRADABLE COD
3-ALL READILY BIODEGRADABLE COD
FCOD: INCLUDES ALL CONTENT OTHER THAN SUSPENDED
SOLIDS
1-ALMOST ALL NON BIODEGRADABLE COD IN SOLUBLE
PHASE,
2-SOME SLOWLY BIODEGRADABLE COD (THOSE IN
COLLOID FORM) 67
3- ALMOST ALL READILY BIODEGRADABLE COD
CHEMISTRY:
2-10: DISSOLVED OXYGEN:
- USED THE DO METER IN ENV. ENG LAB.
- WATER QUALITY INDICATOR, AQUATIC LIVES,
- AN INDICATOR IN BOD TEST (LATER IN CHAP. 3),
68
CHEMISTRY:
2-10: NITROGEN:
COMMON FORMS:
- ORGANIC FORM (PROTEINS, LIPO-PROTEINS,
AMINO ACIDS..),
- AMMONIA & AMMONIUM (NH3 & NH4), AN
INORGANIC
- NITRITE & NITRATE (NO2- & NO3-),
- GASEOUS NITROGEN (N2),
TOTAL KJELDAHL NITROGEN (TKN):
TKN test: physico- Chemical Without digestion (no
TKN = ORGANIC N + NHconversion
digestion of organic material 3 /NH4 of organic N to
→ conversion of organic N to NH3 /NH4) → distillation or
NH3 /NH4 → distillation or colorimetric test to measure
colorimetric test to measure only existing NH3 /NH4
total NH3 /NH4 → Called TKN
69
450-550 °C
105-110 °C
70
2-10: SOLIDS:
71
PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION;
72
SERIAL FILTRATION:
73
ECVL 444: W & WW Eng., Introduction*
LIGHT SCATTERING
TECHNIQUES:
74
CHAPTER 3: BIOLOGY
AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE KEY BIOLOGICAL ORGANISMS IS

ESSENTIAL IN SANITARY TECHNOLOGY
BACTERIA, VIRUSES, ALGAE, PROTOZOA, AND
CRUSTACEANS
KRƏˈSTĀSHƏN
BACTERIA & PROTOZOA ARE THE MAJOR MICROORGANISMS IN

THE “LIVING” SYSTEM OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT,
A MIXED CULTURE OF THESE MICROORGANISMS PERFORMS THE

REACTION IN THE BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD) TEST TO
DETERMINE WASTEWATER STRENGTH.
SEVERAL WATERBORNE DISEASES OF HUMANS ARE CAUSED BY

BACTERIA, VIRUSES, AND PROTOZOA→ PATHOGENS 75
3–1: BACTERIA AND FUNGI:

INDICATOR ORGANISMS, PARTICULARLY COLIFORMS,
ARE USED
TO EVALUATE THE SANITARY QUALITY OF WATER FOR
DRINKING AND RECREATION.
BACTERIA (SING. BACTERIUM) Simple, colorless,
one-celled plants
that use soluble
food, capable of
self-reproduction
without sunlight
BACTERIA RANGE IN SIZE FROM APPROXIMATELY 0.5 TO 5 ΜM AND

76
ARE ONLY VISIBLE THROUGH A MICROSCOPE.
77

- CELLS MAY BE SPHERES, RODS, OR SPIRAL-SHAPED
- APPEARING SINGLY, IN PAIRS, AS PACKETS, OR
CHAINS
- BACTERIAL REPRODUCTION IS BY BINARY FISSION
IS THIS A
BACTERIUM?
78

A WIDE VARIETY OF BACTERIA ARE FOUND IN
ACTIVATED SLUDGE GROWING IN DOMESTIC
WASTEWATER (FIG 3–2)
ALCALIGENES, FLAVOBACTERIUM, BACILLUS & PSEUDOMONAS
REFERRED TO MOST FREQUENTLY IN SANITARY

WORK IS ESCHERICHIA COLI, A COMMON
COLIFORM
- AN INDICATOR OF THE BACTERIOLOGICAL
QUALITY OF WATER
BACTERIA ARE CLASSIFIED INTO TWO MAJOR GROUPS

AS AUTOTROPHIC OR HETEROTROPHIC ,DEPENDING ON
79

AUTOTROPHIC BACTERIA OXIDIZE INORGANIC
COMPOUNDS FOR ENERGY AND USE CARBON DIOXIDE
AS A CARBON SOURCE
WASTEWATER FLOWING THROUGH SEWERS OFTEN
TURNS SEPTIC AND RELEASES HYDROGEN SULFIDE
GAS
A COMMON SULFUR BACTERIUM OXIDIZES THE WEAK
ACID H2S
TO STRONG SULFURIC ACID, LEADING TO PIPE CROWN
CORROSION
80

MICROORGANISMS GROWING IN WASTEWATER SEEK
THE GREATEST ENERGY YIELD TO HAVE MAXIMUM
SYNTHESIS,
HETEROTROPHIC: USING ORGANIC MATERIALS
INCLUDING AEROBIC HETEROTROPHS, ANAEROBIC

HETEROTROPHS AND FACULTATIVE HETEROTROPHS
AEROBES REQUIRE FREE DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN DECOMPOSING
ORGANIC MATTER TO GAIN ENERGY,
81

HETEROTROPHIC: USING ORGANIC MATERIALS
ANAEROBES OXIDIZE ORGANICS IN THE COMPLETE ABSENCE OF
DISSOLVED OXYGEN, USING OXYGEN BOUND IN COMPOUNDS, LIKE
NITRATE & SULFATE
FACULTATIVE BACTERIA USE FREE DISSOLVED OXYGEN WHEN

AVAILABLE, BUT CAN ALSO LIVE IN ITS ABSENCE BY GAINING
ENERGY FROM ANAEROBIC REACTION,
82

There is no easy or inexpensive
way of controlling bacteria in
water distribution systems
FUNGI (SING. FUNGUS)
MICROSCOPIC NON-PHOTOSYNTHETIC PLANTS, INCLUDING YEASTS
AND MOLDS
83
3–1: BACTERIA AND FUNGI: FYI

HTTP://EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG/WIKI/WATERBORNE_DISEASES
Disease and
Transmission Microbial Agent Sources of Agent in Water Supply General Symptoms
Botulism Bacteria can enter an open wound from contaminated Dry mouth, blurred and/or double vision, difficulty
Look for Botulinum Clostridium botulinum water sources. Can enter the gastrointestinal tract by swallowing, Paralysis, muscle weakness, difficulty
toxin !!! consuming contaminated drinking water or (more breathing, slurred speech, vomiting and sometimes
commonly) food diarrhea. Death is usually caused by respiratory failure.
Most commonly caused
Campylobacteriosis by Campylobacter jejuni Drinking water contaminated with feces Produces dysentery like symptoms along with a
high fever. Usually lasts 2–10 days.
In severe forms it is known to be one of the most
rapidly fatal illnesses known. Symptoms include very
Cholera Spread by the bacterium Drinking water contaminated with the bacterium watery diarrhea, nausea, cramps, nosebleed, rapid
Vibrio cholerae pulse, vomiting, and hypovolemic shock (in severe
cases), at which point death can occur in 12–18 hours.
Certain strains of Mostly diarrhea. Can cause death in
E. coli Infection Escherichia coli Water contaminated with the bacteria immunocompromised individuals, the very young, and
(commonly E. coli) the elderly due to dehydration from prolonged illness.
Naturally occurs in water, most cases from exposure in Symptoms include lesions typically located on the
M. marinum infection Mycobacterium marinum swimming pools or more frequently aquariums; rare elbows, knees, and feet (from swimming pools) or
infection since it mostly infects immunocompromised lesions on the hands (aquariums). Lesions may be
individuals painless or painful.
Salmonellosis Caused by many bacteria Drinking water contaminated with the bacteria. More Symptoms include diarrhea, fever, vomiting, and
of genus Salmonella common as a food borne illness. abdominal cramps
Characterized by sustained fever up to 40°C (104°F),
Ingestion of water contaminated with feces of an profuse sweating, diarrhea, less commonly a rash may
Typhoid fever Salmonella typhi infected person occur. Symptoms progress to delirium and the spleen
and liver enlarge if untreated. In this case it can last up
to four weeks and cause death.
Vibrio vulnificus, Can enter wounds from contaminated water. Also got Symptoms include explosive, watery diarrhea, nausea,
Vibrio Illness Vibrio alginolyticus, and by drinking contaminated water or eating undercooked vomiting, abdominal cramps, and occasionally fever.
Vibrio parahaemolyticus oysters.
84
3–2 PROTOZOA:
SINGLE-CELLED AQUATIC ANIMALS THAT
MULTIPLY
BY BINARY FISSION,
PROTOZOA ARE AEROBIC ORGANISMS FOUND IN
ACTIVATED SLUDGE, TRICKLING FILTERS, AND
OXIDATION PONDS FOR TREATING WASTEWATER, AS
WELL AS IN NATURAL WATERS
BY INGESTING BACTERIA AND ALGAE, THEY PROVIDE A
FREE-SWIMMING PROTOZOA
VITAL
HAVE CILIA, SMALL HAIRLIKE
LINK IN THE AQUATIC FOOD CHAIN,
PROCESSES—FOR
ANT-ANTEATER-PUMA
PROPULSION & GATHERING

ORGANIC MATTER
FLAGELLATED PROTOZOA 85
3–2 PROTOZOA:
SOME OF THEM COMPLETE THEIR LIFE CYCLES BY
INFECTING MAMMALS—INCLUDING HUMANS
/SIST/
GIARDIA CYSTS AND CRYPTOSPORIDIUM OOCYSTS CAN

BE TRANSMITTED BY CLOSE PERSON-TO-PERSON
CONTACT,
DRINKING WATER IS THE LARGEST POTENTIAL COMMON

SOURCE
OF TRANSMISSION
86
ECVL 444: W & WW Eng., Introduction /parəˌsīt/
Intracellular parasites
3–3 VIRUSES:
that replicate only
in living host cells
MOST VIRUSES OF INTEREST IN SANITARY TECHNOLOGY
ARE
20 TO 100 NANOMETERS (MILLIMICRONS) IN SIZE, ABOUT
ONE-FIFTIETH THE SIZE OF BACTERIA
COMPOSED LARGELY OF NUCLEIC ACID AND PROTEIN,
THEY LACK THE METABOLIC SYSTEMS FOR SELF-
REPRODUCTION
87
3–3 VIRUSES:
VIRUSES THAT INFECT ONLY BACTERIA ARE CALLED
BACTERIOPHAGES, OR SIMPLY PHAGES
/FĀJ/
VIRUSES OF CONCERN IN WATER POLLUTION ARE

THOSE FOUND IN THE INTESTINAL AREAS OF HUMANS
THEY ARE EXCRETED WITH THE FECES FROM INFECTED

PERSONS,
MOSTLY INFANTS AND CHILDREN
88
3–3 VIRUSES:
HTTP://EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG/WIKI/WATERBORNE_DISEASES ONLY FOR YOUR INFO
Disease and Sources of Agent in
Transmission Microbial Agent Water Supply General Symptoms
Manifests itself in improperly Symptoms include common cold symptoms, pneumonia,
Adenovirus infection Adenovirus
treated water croup, and bronchitis
Astrovirus, Calicivirus,
Gastroenteritis Enteric Adenovirus, and Manifests itself in improperly Symptoms include diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, fever,
treated water malaise, and abdominal pain
Parvovirus
SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Coronavirus Manifests itself in improperly Symptoms include fever, myalgia, lethargy,
Syndrome) treated water gastrointestinal symptoms, cough, and sore throat
Symptoms are only acute (no chronic stage to the virus)

Can manifest itself in water
Hepatitis A Hepatitis A virus (HAV) (and food) and include Fatigue, fever, abdominal pain, nausea,
diarrhea, weight loss, itching, jaundice and depression.
90-95% of patients show no symptoms, 4-8% have minor

symptoms (comparatively) with delirium, headache, fever
Enters water through the feces , and occasional seizures, and spastic paralysis, 1% have
Poliomyelitis (Polio) Poliovirus
of infected individuals symptoms of non-paralytic aseptic meningitis. The rest
have serious symptoms resulting in paralysis or death
BK virus produces a mild respiratory infection and can

Very widespread, can manifest infect the kidneys of immunosuppressed transplant
Two of Polyomavirus: JC virus itself in water, ~80% of the
Polyomavirus infection patients. JC virus infects the respiratory system, kidneys
and BK virus population has antibodies to or can cause progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
Polyomavirus
in the brain (which is fatal).
89
3–4: ALGAE
ALGAE RANGE IN SIZE FROM TINY SINGLE CELLS,
GIVING WATER MAINLY A GREEN COLOR, TO BRANCHED
FORMS OF VISIBLE LENGTH THAT OFTEN APPEAR AS
ATTACHED GREEN SLIME
THERE ARE HUNDREDS OF ALGAL SPECIES, IN A WIDE

VARIETY OF CELL STRUCTURES, IN SHADES OF GREEN,
BROWN AND RED
AN ALGA IS IDENTIFIED BY MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATION

OF
ITS ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS
ALGAE ARE AUTOTROPHIC, USING CO2 OR

90
BICARBONATES AS
ECVL 444: W & WW Eng., Introduction *
3–4: ALGAE
IN NATURAL WATERS THE GROWTH OF ALGAE MAY BE LIMITED BY
TURBIDITY BLOCKING SUNLIGHT, LOW TEMPERATURES DURING THE
WINTER, OR DEPLETION OF A KEY NUTRIENT SUCH AS PHOSPHATE
AND AMMONIA.
91
3-5
WATERBOR
NE
DISEASES:
92
3-5 WATERBORNE DISEASES:

EFFECTIVE DISEASE CONTROL IS ACHIEVED BY INSTITUTING
A COMPREHENSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PROGRAM
- PERSONAL/HOUSEHOLD HYGIENE (INDOOR

ENVIRONMENT) AND CONTROL OF INSECTS
- MONITORING OF FOOD PROCESSING AND PROPER WASTE
DISPOSAL
- PROTECTION OF WATER SOURCES AND DRINKING WATER
TREATMENT
- IMMUNIZATION WHEN POSSIBLE, AND TREATMENT OF
DISEASED PERSONS
MANY INFECTIOUS ENTERIC (INTESTINAL) DISEASES OF
HUMANS ARE TRANSMITTED THROUGH FECAL WASTES
93
3-6 FACTORS AFFECTING TRANSMISSION OF DISEASES:
TRANSMISSION OF WATERBORNE DISEASES IS

INFLUENCED
BY LATENCY, PERSISTENCE & INFECTIVE PATHOGEN
DOSE
LATENCY IS THE PERIOD (OF TIME) BETWEEN EXCRETION OF A
PATHOGEN AND ITS BECOMING INFECTIVE TO A NEW HOST
PERSISTENCE IS THE LENGTH OF TIME A PATHOGEN REMAINS VIABLE

IN THE ENVIRONMENT OUTSIDE A HUMAN HOST
INFECTIVE DOSE IS THE NUMBER OF ORGANISMS THAT MUST BE

94
INGESTED TO RESULT IN DISEASE
3-6 TESTING FOR ENTERIC VIRUSES:

TESTING FOR VIRUSES REQUIRES EXTRACTION, CONCENTRATION,
AND IDENTIFICATION.
ONLY A PORTION OF THE VIRUSES PRESENT IN THE ORIGINAL SAMPLE
ARE CAPTURED—EFFICIENCY OF SEPARATION VARIES DEPENDING ON
WATER QUALITY
NO SINGLE UNIVERSAL HOST SYSTEM EXISTS FOR ALL ENTERIC
VIRUSES/BACTERIA/PROTOZOA
PRECISE IDENTIFICATION INVOLVES RECOVERING VIRUSES/… FROM
AN INDIVIDUAL PLAQUE AND INOCULATING THEM INTO DIFFERENT
CELL CULTURES AND ASSAY IN MICE.
THE EXPERIMENTS ARE CARRIED OUT BY MICROBIOLOGISTS AND THE
EFFICIENCY OF DISINFECTION PROCESSES IS OUR CONCERN.
SIMILAR FOR:
3–7 TESTING FOR GIARDIA AND CRYPTOSPORIDIUM 95
96
3–9 TESTS FOR THE COLIFORM GROUP:

THE COLIFORM GROUP CONSISTS OF SEVERAL GENERA OF BACTERIA
INCLUDING ESCHERICHIA COLI (E. COLI). TYPICALLY FROM
HUMAN/WARM-BLOODED ANIMALS FECES.
MOST COMMON BIOLOGICAL TEST, QUALITY OF WATER RESOURCES,
SWIMMING AREAS,
SERIAL DILUTION IN
MULTIPLE TUBES
97
3–9 TESTS FOR THE COLIFORM GROUP:

MULTIPLE TUBE FERMENTATION TECH.
98
3–9 PRESENCE-ABSENCE TECHNIQUE
99
3–9 TESTS FOR

THE COLIFORM
GROUP:
100
3–9 TESTS FOR

THE COLIFORM
GROUP:
EXP:
FOR 0.01, 0.001 &

0.0001 ?
101
ECVL 444: W & WW Eng.*
3–10 BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND:

BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD) IS THE MOST
COMMON PARAMETER TO DEFINE THE STRENGTH OF
MUNICIPAL OR ORGANIC INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER,
WHY?
BOD is by definition the quantity of oxygen utilized by a mixed
population of microorganisms in the aerobic oxidation at a
temperature of 20°C (+/- 1°C) in an air incubator or water bath
- STANDARD METHOD,
ITS WIDEST APPLICATIONS ARE:
- FOR MEASURING WASTE LOADINGS TO TREATMENT
PLANTS
- TO EVALUATE THE EFFICIENCY OF SUCH TREATMENT
ECVL 444: W & WW Eng.
Size from 0.5

to 5 µm
Size from 10 to 50 µm
IN A MECHANICAL TREATMENT SYSTEM;

IN A NATURAL SYSTEM;

Can be stopped by adding
2-choloro-6 pyridine
3–10 DETERMINATION OF BOD K-RATE:
A
B C
D
- A IS THE MOST READILY BIODEGRADABLE SAMPLE.

- D REQUIRES THE GREATEST REACTOR VOLUME,

3–10 DETERMINATION OF BOD K-RATE:To calculate cube root:

Time unit: day -1
BOD unit: mg/L
X
not common
anymore
REMEMBER: ONLY FOR CARBONACEOUS BOD

Exponential in first
order reaction
approach

Finding best K and
BODUlt using Excel
REMEMBER: THIS EQUATION IS ONLY FOR CARBONACEOUS

BOD

3-11 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE:
Sha
pdr
rop
Most common in aerobic
treatment processes
3-11 AVAILABILITY OF NUTRIENTS:

THEORETICAL BOD- TO-NITROGEN-TO-PHOSPHOROUS:
REQUIRED RELATIVE MASSES: 100/5/1
TYPICAL DOMESTIC RELATIVE MASSES: 100/17/3
AT THE END OF BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT, ADDITIONAL N
AND P
EXIST. TERTIARY TREATMENT MAY BE REQUIRED.
E.G. 300 MG/L BOD / 8 MG/L N / 0.4 MG/L P
IN INDUSTRIAL WW, SOME P AND N MAY BE NEEDED.

SOURCES: ADDING ANHYDROUS NITRATE (NH3) OR AMMONIA
NITRATE (NH4NO3) AS WELL AS PHOSPHATE OR PHOSPHORIC ACID
(H3PO4)
3–12 BIOLOGICAL KINETICS:


EXAMPLE FOR HUMAN POPULATION:
μ & K are different for

different bacteria
3–12 BIOLOGICAL KINETICS: FYI

EXP: PROBLEM 3-55
ENDOGENOUS GROWTH RATE:

HUMAN EXAMPLE:
NET GROWTH RATE OF BIOMASS:

Net growth rate of biomass:
Net Specific Growth rate

3–12 BIOLOGICAL KINETICS: FYI
ALREADY DEVELOPED EQUATIONS:

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ECVL 444: W & WW Eng., Introduction Page: 1-6

- OVER 70% OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES USE

- 30% IS THE SHARE OF GROUNDWATER

- GROUNDWATER SYSTEMS THROUGHOUT THE U.S. HAVE

IN NON-INDUSTRIALIZED India and one-third of deaths can be attributed to water-borne

Text Book Chap

- DEGREE OF TREATMENT REQUIRED PRIOR TO

NOWADAYS: ENERGY DEMAND PLAYING A MAJOR 11

- DILUTION AND DRY WEATHER ???

- ISSUE: THE NEXT CITY/USERS

Adv. : less energy demand, less operation cost,

ADVANCED WATER AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT INCORPORATES

THE BASIC SCIENCES OF CHEMISTRY, BIOLOGY,

- EACH DIFFERS FROM ANY OTHER IN WEIGHT, SIZE,

- ELEMENTS CAN APPEAR IN NATURE AS GASES,

- SYMBOLS FOR ELEMENTS ARE USED IN WRITING

… and, gas stripping according to henry’s law

2-4: SHIFTING OF CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIA:

- FORCING IMPURITIES TO SOLID FORM.

Sodium carbonate (also known as

Different from baking soda: NaHCO3

Carbon dioxide: 0.03% of air, carbonate alkalinity source,

APPLICATION: TWO PHASE DIGESTERS

WHY REMOVAL:DISSOLVED FERROUS

Zero-order reaction First-order reaction Second-order reaction

Each carbonate ion can neutralize two H+.

Alkalinity (eq/L)= (HCO3-) + (CO32-) + (OH-) – (H+)

- Measured by Tablets + photometer

What Does Alkalinity Imply?

- In typical range of pH (6.5 ≤ pH ≤ 10 ):

- HYDROPHOBIC COLLOIDS: NO AFFINITY FOR WATER,

EITHER FAST OR GRADUAL OXIDATION ..

UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS (OLEFINS): MULTIPLE BONDS

CARBOXYLIC ACIDS: ALL ORGANIC ACIDS CONTAIN

- USUALLY NOT SETTLEABLE, DISCHARGE WITH

COMMON TECHNIQUE TO REMOVE:

READILY BIODEGRADABLE, SUGAR, ALCOHOL,

SLOWLY BIODEGRADABLE, PROTEINS

NON BIODEGRADABLE, LONG CHAIN SATURATED

MEASUREMENTS: TURBIDITY TEST, SOLID TESTS, …..

TCOD: HOMOGENIZE (+ DILUTE) THEN COD TEST

APPLICATION: FRACTIONATION TO PREDICT

TCOD ≥ FCOD ≥ FFCOD

PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION;

AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE KEY BIOLOGICAL ORGANISMS IS

BACTERIA & PROTOZOA ARE THE MAJOR MICROORGANISMS IN

A MIXED CULTURE OF THESE MICROORGANISMS PERFORMS THE

SEVERAL WATERBORNE DISEASES OF HUMANS ARE CAUSED BY

3–1: BACTERIA AND FUNGI:

BACTERIA RANGE IN SIZE FROM APPROXIMATELY 0.5 TO 5 ΜM AND

3–1: BACTERIA AND FUNGI:

3–1: BACTERIA AND FUNGI:

3–1: BACTERIA AND FUNGI:

REFERRED TO MOST FREQUENTLY IN SANITARY

BACTERIA ARE CLASSIFIED INTO TWO MAJOR GROUPS

3–1: BACTERIA AND FUNGI:

3–1: BACTERIA AND FUNGI:

HETEROTROPHIC: USING ORGANIC MATERIALS

INCLUDING AEROBIC HETEROTROPHS, ANAEROBIC

3–1: BACTERIA AND FUNGI:

FACULTATIVE BACTERIA USE FREE DISSOLVED OXYGEN WHEN