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Chapter 10 - The Mole: 10.1 Measuring Matter
Chapter 10 - The Mole: 10.1 Measuring Matter
Key Concepts
• The mole is a unit used to count particles of matter
indirectly. One mole of a pure substance contains
Avogadro’s number of particles.
• Representative particles include atoms, ions,
molecules, formula units, electrons, and other similar
particles.
• One mole of carbon-12 atoms has a mass of exactly
12 g.
• Conversion factors written from Avogadro’s
relationship can be used to convert between moles
and number of representative particles.
Words That Refer to # of Items
Word Number
Pair 2
Dozen 12
Gross 144
Ream 500
The Mole and Avogadro’s Number
Abbreviation is mol
SI base unit for amount of substance
Defined as number of representative
particles (carbon atoms) in exactly 12 g
of pure carbon-12
Mole of anything contains 6.022 X 1023
representative particles
6.022 X 1023 = Avogadro’s number
The Mole
Examples of representative particles:
Atoms Ions Electrons Molecules
Formula Units
Representative Particle
Molecule Formula
Atom
Unit
18 mL 63.5 g 58.4 g
H2O Cu NaCl
Converting Moles to # of Particles
and # of Particles to Moles
rep. part. = representative particles
Moles to # of rep. part.
# mol 6.02x1023 rep. part./mol
= # of rep. part.
# rep. part. to moles
# rep. part. X 1 mol/6.02x1023 rep. part.
= # mol
Converting Moles to # of Particles
and # of Particles to Moles
4.00 Moles Water # Molecules of Water
4.00 mol H2O 6.02x1023 molecules
H2O /mol H2O
= 2.41x10
??? 24
molecules H2O
1.2x1024 Atoms Iron Moles Iron
1.2x1024 atoms Fe X 1 mol Fe/ 6.02x1023
atoms Fe
==2.0
???mol Fe
Practice
Problems 1- 4, page 323
Problems 5 (a-b), 6 (a-b), p 324
(Put up next slide as reference)
Converting Moles to # of Particles
and # of Particles to Moles
rep. part. = representative particles
Moles to # of rep. part.
# mol 6.02x1023 rep. part./mol
= # of rep. part.
# rep. part. to moles
# rep. part. X 1 mol/6.02x1023 rep. part.
= # mol
Practice
Section Assessment, page 324
Problems 7 - 14
Chapter Assessment, page 358
Problems 90(a-d), 91(a-d), 92(a-d),
93(a-d), 94(a-d), 95(a-c), 96-101
Chapter 10 – The Mole
Key Concepts
• The mass in grams of 1 mol of any pure substance is
called its molar mass.
• The molar mass of an element is numerically equal to
its atomic mass.
• The molar mass of any substance is the mass in
grams of Avogadro’s number of representative
particles of the substance.
• Molar mass is used to convert from moles to mass.
The inverse of molar mass is used to convert from
mass to moles.
Mass vs Number of Objects
== 2.34
??? g Cr
Mass to Mole Conversion
525 g Ca Moles Ca
525 g Ca 1 mol Ca/40.08 g Ca
= 13.1
??? mol Ca
Practice
Problems 15 (a-b), 16 (a-b) page 328
Problems 17 (a-b), 18 (a-b) page 329
Mass to # Atoms Conversion
Need two conversion factors
Mass Gold (Au) # of atoms of Gold
25.0 g Au 1 mol Au/196.97 g Au
6.02x1023 atoms Au/mol Au
= 7.65x10
??? 22
atoms Au
Could do in two steps if prefer:
Calculate # moles Au = 0.127 mol
Calculate # atoms from # mol
# Atoms to Mass Conversion
Need two conversion factors
# Atoms of He Mass of He
5.50x1022 atoms He 1mol He/6.02x1023
atoms He 4.00 g He/ mol He
= 0.366
??? g He
Could do in two steps if prefer:
Calculate # moles He = 0.0914 mol
Calculate mass from # moles
Conversion Pathways
Key Concepts
• Subscripts in a chemical formula indicate how many
moles of each element are present in 1 mol of the
compound.
• The molar mass of a compound is calculated from the
molar masses of all of the elements in the compound.
• Conversion factors based on a compound’s molar
mass are used to convert between moles and mass of
a compound.
Mole and Chemical Formulas
Chemical Formula indicates types and
number of each atom contained in
compound
Freon – CCl2F2
Mole and Chemical Formulas
Freon – CCl2F2
In every molecule of freon, there are:
• 1 carbon atom
• 2 chlorine atoms
• 2 fluorine atoms
In one mole
dozenofmolecules,
freon, are there
6.02x10
are2312
times as many atoms as above
Mole and Chemical Formulas
If have 1 mole Freon molecules
(CCl2F2) have:
• 1 mole of C atoms
• 2 moles of Cl atoms
• 2 moles of F atoms
Moles Compound to Moles Atoms
Aluminum oxide (alumina), Al2O3
1.25 moles alumina moles Al+3
1.25 mol alumina 2 mol Al+3/1 mol
alumina
== 2.50
??? mol Al+3
Practice
Problems 29 - 33 page 335
Molar Mass of Compounds
Mass of one mole of compound
Sum of masses of every particle that
makes up the compound
Molar Mass = massi
i
massi = mass of particles contained in
one mole of the compound
(mass is conserved)
Molar Mass of Compounds
Key Concepts
• The law of definite proportions states that a
compound is always composed of the same elements
in the same proportions.
Key Concepts
• The percent by mass of an element in a compound
gives the percentage of the compound’s total mass
due to that element.
• The subscripts in an empirical formula give the
smallest whole-number ratio of moles of elements in
the compound.
• The molecular formula gives the actual number of
atoms of each element in a molecule or formula unit of
a substance.
• The molecular formula is a whole-number
multiple of the empirical formula.
Percent Composition
Unknown compound’s composition may
be determined by elemental analysis
Results reported as percent by mass
% by mass =
100 mass of element/mass of compound
Compound 1 Compound 2
Cpd % Cu % Cl Ratio Ratio of cpd #1
Cu : Cl ratio to #2 ratio
1 64.20 35.80 1.793 : 1
2.000
2 47.27 52.73 0.8964 : 1
Practice
Molecular formula = C H
2 2
Molecular formula = C H
6 6
Empirical and Molecular Formulas
Process Map – Fig 10.15, page 347
Express % by mass in g
Find # moles each element
Key Concepts
• The formula of a hydrate consists of the formula of the
ionic compound and the number of water molecules
associated with one formula unit.
• The name of a hydrate consists of the compound
name and the word hydrate with a prefix indicating the
number of water molecules in 1 mol of the compound.
• Anhydrous compounds are formed when hydrates are
heated.
Formulas for Hydrates
Hydrate – compound that has a specific
number of water molecules bound to
the atoms
Number of water molecules associated
with each formula unit is written
following a dot
CaCl22H2O Calcium chloride dihydrate
Formulas for Hydrates – page 351
Hydrates
Single compound can form a number of
different hydrates
• CaCl2 – mono-, di-, and hexa- hydrates
• CaCl2H2O, CaCl22H2O, CaCl26H2O
“Water of hydration” can be driven off
by heating – produces anhydrous form
Mass of water associated with formula
unit must be included in molar mass
calculations
Color Change in Hydrated Compounds
Hydrated Anhydrous
Copper (II) sulfate
Determining Hydrate Formula
BaCl2•xH2O - what is value of x ?
Initial mass = 5.00 g
Final mass after heating = 4.26 g
Mass water = 5.00 - 4.26 = 0.74 g H2O
Mol H2O = 0.74 g 1 mol/18.02 g H2O
= 0.041 mol H2O
Mol BaCl2 = 4.26 g BaCl2 1
mol/208.23 g BaCl2 = 0.0205 mol BaCl2
Determining Hydrate Formula
BaCl2•xH2O - what is value of x ?
0.041 mol H2O 0.0205 mol BaCl2