Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BEK4213 Chapter 1
BEK4213 Chapter 1
BEK4213 Chapter 1
Transmission Systems
Module Outline
Introduction Different System of Transmission Efficiency of Line Underground Cables vs. Overhead lines Design of Transmission Line Exercise Economy of Power Transmission
Introduction Transmission System The transmission system is made up of the high voltages lines and bulk power subs that connect the generating stations with the distribution subs. Electrical power transmission lines can be ac, dc, underground or overhead lines. Overhead ac is the most used method of electrical power transmission. The transmission system can be divided into the transmission and subs transmission system.
Different Systems of Transmission The types of systems are used for the transmission:
} }
Overhead system Underground system The transmission of electrical power using overhead transmission lines over long distance. The appropriate spacing between the conductors is provided which prevent an electric discharge to occur between the conductors.
Overhead system
}
} }
Overhead lines are subjected to the faults occurring due to lightening, short circuits. It is easy to repair compare to underground system. However difficult to find exact point of fault as transmission lines are very long. The insulation must be provided between the conductors and also supporting structure and hence cause maximum stress exists between the conductor and earth.
} }
Underground transmission lines are mostly used to supply urban substation in high load density areas. All the conductors must be insulated from each other. The voltage level used in underground system is below 66kV due to difficulties in designing the appropriate insulation for higher voltage levels. Underground lines are more expensive due to underground cables must be insulated, installed in pipe, cooled with oil circulation system and difficulty in access to repair.
High voltage transmission Lines Interconnect power plants and loads, and form an electric network. This system contains 500kV, 275kV and 132kV. The maximum length of high voltage lines is around 200 miles. The major components of an HV are:
} }
Tower : a lattice, steel tower Insulator : V string hold four bundled conductors in each phase. Conductor: Each conductor is stranded, steel reinforced aluminum cable.
8
Sub-transmission Lines Subs transmission system is defined as the lines with voltages/ capabilities between those used for transmission and those used for distribution. It used to carry power from power substations to the distribution substation and also large individual customers. The common voltage levels are 33kV and 66kV.
10
Transmission system
Transmission System in Malaysia Transmission line in Malaysia mostly for HVAC transmission, with a short portion HVDC to Thailand. The transmission voltage at Malaysia are:
} } }
11
The leakage current over the surface of the insulator is modeled as shunt conductance. Usually shunt conductance is ignored because the leakage current are small.
12
L !
P R(3 J ) P S(3 J )
v 100
% VR !
X 100%
13
Underground cables vs. Overhead lines Underground cables have the following advantages:
}
It ensures uninterrupted continuity of supply. The possible supply interruptions due to lightning, storm or weather are eliminated due to underground cable. It requires less maintenance. The accidents caused due to breakage of overhead lines conductors are eliminated.
13
Underground cables vs. Overhead lines Underground cables have the following advantages:
}
The life of underground cables is longer. The voltage drop in the underground cable is less. The visual impact can be minimized. More appropriate to use in populated areas due to safety issues in overhead lines.
14
The only drawbacks of underground cables are the extremely high initial cost and insulation problems at high voltages. The use of underground cables is mainly for distribution of an electrical power at low and medium voltages.
15
Long distance transmission is possible by the overhead lines. The conductor in overhead lines is less expensive. The size of the conductor in overhead lines is smaller than underground cables due to good heat dissipation.
16
The cost of insulation is less due to using the air as insulator between the conductors. The gas or oil is not required. The cost to erect the tower is less than laying the underground cable which is difficult and complicated.
17
Design of Transmission Lines The design of a transmission lines involves a number of technical and economic aspects. The design details include:
} } } } } }
Line voltage Size of conductors, Span , spacing and configuration of conductors Number and size of earth wires Number of insulators Clearances and sag
18
The cost and performance of the line depend on the line voltage. An empirical formula for the optimum voltage is:
19
The cost of conductor is about 30 to 45 % of the total cost of the line. The cost of tower, foundations and line losses also depend on the conductor size. The size of the conductor should be able to carry the rated current continuously without excessive rise in temperature. The temperature affects the sag and the loss of the tensile strength of the conductor.
20
For HV line the economical value of span lies in the range of 200 to 300 m. For 400kV lines span ranging from 350 to 400 m. A transmission line may be a single circuit line or a double circuit line. A double circuit line has a higher power transfer capability and greater reliability.
21
The insulation design has a greater impact on the performance of the line. Insulation should be sufficient to take care of switching, temporary overvoltages and lightning. The maximum switching surge overvoltage to the ground is taken as 2.5 pu.
22
The primary function of ground wires is to shield the conductors from the lightning strokes. (placed above the conductors and grounded at every tower) The selection of the number and configuration is important in transmission line protection against lightning. A shielding angle of 30 is considered to be adequate for high voltages lines. A ground wires should be able to carry max expected lightning current without heating and have sufficient mechanical strength.
23
Exercises
25
Short Line Definition: 80 km or 69 kV. For short transmission line, the capacitance is always being ignored Multiplying series impedance per unit length (r + j[L) by the line length ( ). Z = (r + j[L) = R + jX where r = per phase resistance per unit length L= per phase inductance per unit length = line length [=2 f
26
Short Line
Short line model on a per phase basis is shown below:
IS + VS Sending end
Z = R + jX
IR + VR SR Receiving end
VS and IS are the phase voltage and current at the sending end of the line VR and IR are the phase voltage and current at the receiving end of the line
27
Short Line Consider a 3 load with apparent power SR(3 ) is connected at the end of the transmission line, the receiving end current is obtained by
IR !
S* (3J ) R 3V
* R(LN)
The sending end voltage is VS = VR + ZIR Since the shunt capacitance is neglected, we have IS = IR
28
ABCD
+ VR -
VS A B VR I ! C D I R S
VS 1 Z VR I ! 0 1 I R S
29
Short Line It is obvious that for short line, A=1 B=Z C=0 D=1 Voltage regulation is defined as the % change in voltage at the receiving end in going from noload to full-load:
% VR !
X 100%
30
Short Line For short line, A=1 and VR(NL)=VS. Voltage regulation is a measure of line voltage drop and depends on the power factor (cos ). Voltage regulation is positive at lagging power factor loads (inductive). Voltage regulation become negative with leading power factor loads (capacitive).
VS IR U VR(FL) jXIR RIR Lagging pf VR=+ve
31
Short Line
VS IR VR(FL) jXIR RIR Leading pf VR=-ve
Sending-end power,
SS(3J ) ! 3 S I* S
The total line loss is given by SL(3 )=SS(3 ) SR(3 ) Transmission line efficiency is given by
L! PR(3J ) PS(3J )
32
Short Line
Example 1.1: A 60 Hz short transmission line having R = 0.62 per phase and L = 93.94 mH per phase, supplies a three-phase, wye-connected 100 MW load of 0.9 lagging power factor at 215 kV line to line voltage. Calculate the sending end voltage per phase.
33
Short Line
Example 1.2: Determine the voltage regulation and efficiency of transmission of the transmission line in example 1.1
34
Short Line
Exercise A 10 km long, short transmission line has 0.5 600 /km impedance. The line supplies a 316.8 kW load at 0.8 power factor lagging. What is the voltage regulation if the receiving end voltage is 3.3kV.
35
Short Line
Example 1.3 A 220-kV, three-phase transmission line is 40 km long. The resistance per phase is 0.15 ; per km and the inductance per phase is 1.3263 mH per km. The shunt capacitance is negligible. Use the short line model to find the voltage and power at the sending end and the voltage regulation and the efficiency when the line is supplying a three-phase load of a. 381 MVA at 0.8 power factor lagging at 220 kV. b. 381 MVA at 0.8 power factor leading at 220 kV.
36
Short Line Solution a. The series impedance per phase is (f = 60 Hz) Z=(r+j[L) =(0.15+j2Tx60x1.3263x10-3)40 =6+j20 ; The receiving end voltage per phase is
VR(LN) ! 2200r 3
! 1270rkV
! 144.334.93r kV
Voltage regulation is
250 - 220 %VR! x 100% ! 13.6% 220
Short Line b. The current for 381 MVA with 0.8 leading pf is
I R(p) ! S* J ) R(3
* 3VR(LN)
Voltage regulation is
210.26 - 220 VR! x 100 220 PR(3J ) PS(3J ) 304.8 x 100 ! 322.8 ! - 4.43
Economic choice of conductor size Economic choice of transmission voltage The cost of conductor material is vey considerable part of the total cost of a transmission line. The most economical area of conductor can be calculated using:
Variable part of annual charge = Annual cost of energy wasted P2a = P3/a (P2 and P3 are constant, a is area)
42
Energy lost per annum = I2Rt/1000 kWh Annual cost of energy lost = Cost per kWh x Annual energy loss Variable annual charge = Annual interest and depreciation on capital cost (variable) of cable
44
Economic choice of transmission voltage If transmission voltage is increased, the volume of conductor material required is reduced. (decreases the cost on the conductor material) However as the transmission voltage is increased, the cost of insulating the conductors, cost of transformers, switchgear and other terminal apparatus also decrease.
46
The lowest point in the graph give the economical transmission voltage.