Pull of an Electromagnet

The pull or attraction force F of an electromagnet is given by:

F = B2 A / 2o  B2 A x 3.98 x 105 [N]

where o (permeability of free space) = 4 x 10-7 [Wb/Am]
i.e. o  1.257 x 10-6 [Wb/Am]
Cross-sectional
Area A

Electromagnet

Attraction
Force F
Rectangular
piece of iron
 Electromagnetic Induction
Faraday’s Law of electromagnetic induction states that the
magnitude of the induced voltage in a conductor is proportional to the
rate of change of the magnetic flux linking with it.
Magnetic Flux Density B Area of flux “cut” by
conductor A = l x d

l
North pole South pole
N d S
of magnet of magnet

Position of conductor being moved in magnetic field after time t

Vind = Total flux cut  [Wb]/ time t [s] = d / dt [V]

Area of magnetic flux cut by conductor A = l x d Therefore,
Total flux cut  = Bld ; At constant velocity, v = d/t Hence,
Vind = B l d/t = B l v ; Vind = B l v sin ( for conductor moving at
 Electromagnetic Motor Action
Owing to the interaction between a current carrying conductor and the
magnetic field in which the conductor lies, a force results on the
conductor. This force F is given by:
F = B I l [N] where B[Wb/m2] = magnetic flux density of magnetic
field , I = current flowing in the conductor, and
l [m] = effective length of conductor in the magnetic field.

Torque on a Moving Coil

Moving coil measuring instruments operate on the principle of rotation
of a current-carrying coil in a magnetic field. For a coil of N number
of conductors, the force acting on each side F = B I l N. Considering
both sides, the total force FT = 2B I l N.
Thus the moment of force or torque T (turning moment) is given by:
T = 2B I l N x ½(b) [Nm]
 Torque on a Moving Coil
Axis
Coil of one turn carrying a current I
Magnetic flux 

Turning moment or Torque

I T = 2BIlN x b/2 [Nm] where
l b = breadth of the coil and
N = number of conductors or
coil turns

b
As the coil turns through an angle ,
Magnetic flux 

F the torque T decreases. Thus,

T = 2BIlNbcos [Nm] and

T = 2BINAcos [Nm]
b/2 where A = b x l (area generated by
F rotating coil) . Thus at  = 0°, cos 0=1 and T is
maximum ; at  = 90°, cos 90° = 0 and T is
zero. F = force on each side of the coil.
 Transformer
How a Transformer Works
Mutual flux 
Primary winding Iron core
N1 turns
Secondary
Ip winding N2 turns

+ +

 V1 V2 Load
–
Is –

Voltage ratio: V1 / V2 = N1 / N2 = R (transformation turns ratio)

Current ratio: Ip / Is = N2 / N1 = 1/R
Hence, V1 / V2 = I2 / I1 = N1 / N2
Note: MMF1 = MMF2 i.e. N1Ip = N2Is
 Tutorial on Series Electro-magnetic Circuits
1. Calculate the magnetomotive force MMF that must be applied to
a toroidal ring of cross-sectional area A = 2.85cm2 if the
magnetic flux  is 0.82Wb. The mean circumference lm of the
toroid is 42cm. Take µ = 4 x 10 [Wb/Am]
o
-7

Ans.: MMF = 961.6 At

2. A cylindrical coil of length l = 230mm and mean diameter dm =
2.5cm has 250 turns and current strength I = 1.8A. Calculate its
magnetising force H, magnetic flux density B and magnetic flux
. Ans.: H =1956.5 A/m ; B = 2.46 mWb/m2 ;   1.21 Wb
3. A loudspeaker magnet has a circular air-gap of inner diameter d1
= 22mm, outer diameter d2 = 24mm, and depth h = 8mm to
accommodate the oscillation coil. If the air-gap has a magnetic
flux density B = 0.75 Wb/m2, find the magnetic flux  that must
be produced for a flux leakage of 15%. Ans.: ’  498.6Wb
 Solutions to Tutorial on Electro-magnetic Circuits
Q1. Magneto-motive force MMF = NI =  [At] where
 = lm / or A and r for air = 1; Thus MMF = (lm / or A) 
i.e. MMF = 42x10-2[m] x 0.82 x 10-6 [Wb] /(4 x 10-7 [Wb/Am]x 1 x
2.85x10-4[m2]) Hence, MMF = 961.6 [Ampere-Turn or At]

Q2. Magnetising force H = NI / l = 250 x 1.8[A] / 230 x 10-3 [m]

 H = 1956.5 [A/m]
Magnetic Flux Density B = o r(air) H = 4 x 10-7 x 1 x 1956.5[A/m]
Magnetic Flux Density B = 2.4586 mWb/m2  2.46 mWb/m2
Magnetic Flux  = BA = 2.46 mWb/m2 x /4(2.5 x
10-2)[m2] = Magnetic Flux  = 1.207 x 10-6 [Wb] = 1.207Wb
Q3. Inner air-gap diameter d1 = 22mm = 22x10-3 m ; Outer air-gap diameter d2 =
 24mm = 24 x 10-3 m ; Thickness(depth) of loud-speaker magnet, h = 8x10-3 m
Magnetic flux density of air-gap, Bair = 0.75 Wb/m2 ; Flux leakage
= 15% = 0.15 Mean air-gap diameter dm = (22+24) x 10-2
m / 2 = 23 x 10-2 m Magnetic Flux  = BA ; With magnetic flux
leakage taken into consideration, ’ = B’A = 1.15BA = 1.15(0.75 x  dmh) =
Summary of Analogous Magnetic and Electric Circuit Equations

Magnetic Circuits Electric Circuits

Quantity Unit Quantity Unit
Magnetomotive Force Ampere- Electromotive Force Volt [V]
MMF or Fm = N I turn [At] EMF or V = R I

Magnetising Force or Ampere Electric Field Intensity Volt per

Magnetic Field per metre E = p.d. or V / d metre
[ A/m ] [ V/m ]
Strength H = NI / l
Magnetic Flux  = BA Weber Current I = V / R Ampere
[A]
Also  = o rH A [Wb]
Magnetic Flux Density Weber / Ampere/
Current Density
metre2 metre2
B =  / A =  H where [Wb/m2] J = I/A
[A/m2]
 = o r ; B = o H or Tesla
(for air-gap only) [T]
Summary of Analogous Magnetic and Electric Circuit Equations

Magnetic Circuits Electric Circuits

Quantity Unit Quantity Unit
Reluctance Ampere / Resistance Ohm
Weber
 =l/A where l = [A/Wb] R=V/I []
mean flux length [m], R = 1/G = V / I Siemen; Ampere
A = cross-sectional area
and  = o r G = I/V ; I = VG [S];
[A]

Also Reluctance [A/Wb] Also R = l / A and = 1/ =

conductivity
 = MMF /  R = l / A where l =  =
length of conductor [m] resisitivity [
= NI/ mm2/m]

 = Hl /  [A/Wb] R = 2l / A (total line Ohm

 = Hl / BA resistance of a closed []
circuit)
 Tutorial on Series Electro-magnetic Circuits
4. A choke has a magnetic flux density B1 = 1.6 Wb/m2 and B2 =
1.2 Wb/m2 when its air-gaps are lg1 = 1.5mm and lg2 = 3.0mm
respectively. Calculate the inductances L1 and L2 if the number
of coil turns N is 1000, the magneto-motive force MMF = 3000
At , and the cross-sectional area A = 8cm2.
Ans.: L1 = 0.43H ; L2 = 0.32H
5. The air-gap magnetic flux density of a loudspeaker magnet is to
be increased by 50%. This can be achieved by reducing the
diameter of the imaginary circular air-gap dm = 28mm. What is
the new diameter of the circular air-gap? Ans.: dx = 18.67mm
6. Calculate the inductance L of the excitation coil of a loudspeaker
magnet given the following specifications:
Number of coil turns N = 18,300 ; Rcoil = 1.402k ; Magnetic
flux  = 0.12mWb and power dissipation of coil P = 2.57W.
 Solutions to Tutorial on Series Electro-Magnetic Circuits
Q4. Magnetic flux density B1 = 1.6Wb/m2 ; lg1 = 1.5mm ; 
Magnetic flux density B2 = 1.2Wb/m2 ; lg2 = 3.0mm ; 
Number of coil turns N = 1000 ; Magneto-motive force(MMF) = 3000At
Cross-sectional area A = 8 x 10-4m2 ; Multiplying numerator & denominator by N
yields inductance L1 = N1 / I = N21 / NI =
(substituting the values) (1000)2 x 1.6Wb/m2 x 8 x 10-
4
m2 / 3000At = 0.4267H  0.43H Similarly,
inductance L2 = N2 /I = N22 /NI = (substituting the values) (1000)2 x
1.2Wb/m2 x 8 x 10-4 m2 / 3000At = 0.32H ; Thus,
Inductance L  Magnetic flux density B (N is kept constant)
Q5. Mean diameter dm of circular air-gap = 28mm ; Since the air-gap’s
magnetic flux density B has to be increased by 50%, its mean diameter
dm has to be decreased to dx for the same magnetic flux .
Thus, original magnetic flux  = BA = B x  x dm x h
and new magnetic flux ’ = 1.5xBxA’ = 1.5B x  x dx x h ; Also  =
 Solutions to Tutorial on Series Electro-magnetic Circuits

Q6. Inductance L = N / I [Wb/A= Vs/A = s= H]

Number of coil turns = 18,300
 Magnetic flux  = 0.12 x 10-3 Wb ;
 Rcoil = 1.402k = 1402
 Power dissipated by coil Pcoil = 2.57W ;

Using the DC power equation Pcoil = I2coil x Rcoil ;

I2coil = Pcoil / Rcoil and Icoil = (Pcoil / Rcoil) ;

Thus, L = 18,300 x 0.12 x 10-3 Wb / (2.57W/1402) = 51.29H

Inductance L  51.3H
 Tutorial on Series Electro-magnetic Circuits
Q7. A coil of N = 1200 turns is uniformly wound around a ferro-
magnetic ring of cross-sectional area A = 5cm2 and mean radius rm =
145mm. The steady state current Iss flowing in the coil is 3A when
the direct current supply voltage Vs is 24V. Determine the :
(a) DC resistance R of the coil Ans.: Rcoil =
8 (b) Magneto-motive force MMF of
the coil Ans.: MMF = 3600At ( c) Magnetic flux
density B in the ferromagnetic ring if its relative permeability rs =
1200 Ans.: B = 5.96 Wb/m2
(d) Magnetic reluctance s of the iron ring at the same
relative permeability rs Ans.: s = 1.208 x 106
At/Wb (e) Magnetic flux ’
required in the iron ring when a magnetic flux leakage of 15% is to
be considered Ans.: ’  3.43mWb and (f) Current I’
required to produce the same magnetic flux  in the toroid if a radial
 Tutorial on Series Electro-magnetic Circuits
Q7 …

I = 3A ’ Magnetic flux
without air-gap ls’ :mean circumference of

+Vdc = I’ steel portion (toroid) [ m ]

rs = 1200 relative
24V

m
permeability of toroid
.1 9
=0
N = 1200 turns lg air-gap = 5mm
m
2r
dm =

H : Magnetising force
0V As = 5cm2 cross-sectional
area of steel toroid
Figure Q7 A toroidal ring
 Solutions to Q7 of Tutorial on Series Electro-magnetic Circuits
Q7. (a) Resistance of coil Rcoil = Vs / Iss = 24V/3A = 8
(b) Magneto-motive force MMF = NI = 1200 x 3A = 3600 At
(c) Magnetic flux density B = o r H = 4 x 10-7 x 1200 x H
where H = NI/ lm ; Thus, B = o r NI / lm ; NI = MMF
OR NI = BA ;  = lm / o r A ; B = NI /A = MMF/Axlm/o r A

 B = MMF(o r) / lm = 3600 (4x10-7x1200)/2  x 0.145 [Wb/m2]

i.e. B = 5.9586 [Wb/m2]  5.96 [Wb/m2]
(d) s = lm /o rs A = 2  x rm /o r A , where A = 5 x 10-4 [m2]
 lm = 2  x 0.145 [m]
s=2  x 0.145/4x10-7x1200x5x10-4[At/Wb] = 1.208x106 [At/Wb]
 Solution to Q7(f) of Tutorial on Series Electro-magnetic Circuit
(f) Current required I’ (to produce the same magnetic flux ’) =
(H’s l’s + Hg lg) / N where H’s = B’s / o rs , Hg = Bg / o (r(air)=1) ;
l’s = lm – lg ; lm = 2rm and lg = width of air-gap= 5mm = 5 x 10-3 m ;
’s = 3.43 mWb = ’g = BA, where B = B’s = Bg = ’/A ;

Thus, I’ = (B’s /o rs )l’s + (Bg / o) lg / N = ’/NAo [(l’s / rs)+ lg ]
i.e. I’ = (3.43x10-3/1200x5x10-4 x4x10-7)[(2  x 0.145 – 0.005)/1200
+ 0.005] [A]
I’ = 4549.17 [(755.05 x 10-6 + 0.005] = 4549.17 x 5.755 x 10-3 [A]
 Therefore, current I’ required = 26.18A
Note: Also I’ = ’s’s + ’g g / N = (B’sA ’s + BsA g ) / N =
I’ = B’A / N [l’s /o rs A) + lg /oA] = B’/N o [l’s/rs) + lg] =