Thermochemistry

Heatand
Chemical Change

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TEMPERATURE VS. HEAT

Temperature is a measure of the

average kinetic energy of the
molecules

Heat is the sum total amount of

energy of all the molecules

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Which is at a higher temperature?
3
Which possesses more heat energy?
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heat energy = specific heat x mass x change
in temperature

Q = s∙m∙T 5
 Specific Heat Capacity:
The amount of heat energy
required to raise the
temperature of 1 gram of a
substance by 1 °C
Energy is measured in Joules ( J )

Symbol = s
Unit = J/g
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Specific Heat Capacities :
Substance J/g°C
H2O (l) 4.18
Al 0.89
Fe 0.45
Hg 0.14
C 0.71
ethanol 2.44

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Specific Heat Capacity of Water:

4.184 J/gºC
You must memorize this number!

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Specific Heat Capacities :
The higher the specific heat capacity,
the more energy it takes to raise the
Temperature of a substance

How does water’s high specific heat

capacity make it such a valuable
resource to living things?

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You place 10 gram samples of both
Al and Fe in a hot oven for a short
period of time….

0.89 J/gC 0.45

J/gC
Al Fe

Which substance will heat up the

fastest?
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You place 10 gram samples of both
Al and Fe in a hot oven for a short
period of time….

0.89 J/gC 0.45

J/gC
Al Fe

Which substance has to absorb

more heat energy to warm up?
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You now place both the Al and Fe in
the same oven and let them sit
overnight…..
0.89 0.45
J/gC J/gC
Al Fe

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You now place both the Al and Fe in
the same oven and let them sit
overnight…..
0.89 0.45
J/gC J/gC
Al Fe
Which substance will be at the higher
temperature at the end of this time?
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You now place both the Al and Fe in
a boiling water bath and let them
sit overnight…..
0.89 0.45
J/gC J/gC
Al Fe
Which substance has absorbed more
heat energy to get to this temperature?
Let’s do a calculation!
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 Q = s∙m∙T
QAl = 0.89∙10∙100 = 890 QFe = 0.45∙10∙100 = 450

0.89 0.45
J/gC J/gC
Al Fe
Which substance has absorbed more
heat energy to get to this temperature?
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 H2O (l) 4.184 J/g°C
Ethano 2.44 J/g°C
l
Which substance would be a better coolant
in a car’s radiator? Why?

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Calculations with Specific Heat
Q = smT
Q= Heat (J)
s= specific heat (J/g·Cº)
m= mass of sample (g)
T = change in temperature (ºC)
(Tfinal – Tinitial)

J = Joules 17
 Calculations with Specific Heat
Example 1: How much heat is absorbed when the
temperature of a 125 g piece of aluminum increases from
35ºC to 65ºC. The specific heat capacity of Aluminum is
0.90 J/g·ºC.
Q = smT
Q= ?J
s = 0.90 J/g·Cº
m = 125 g
T = change in temperature (ºC)
(Tfinal – Tinitial)

Q = 0.90 J x 125g x 30oC =

3375 J
g· oC 1 1 3400 J (2 sf)
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 Calculations with Specific Heat
Example 2: The temperature of a 95.4g piece of
copper increases from 25.0ºC to 48.0ºC when the
copper absorbs 849 J of heat. What is the specific
heat of copper?
Q = smT s = Q
Q= 849 J mT
s= ?
m = 95.4 g s = 849 J
T = 23.0ºC)
(Tfinal – Tinitial)
95.4 g ∙ 23.0oC
s = .387 J
g ∙ oC 19
Calorimetry:
• The measurement of heat energy
transferred during a physical or
chemical process

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Calorimetry:
• The measurement of heat energy
transferred during a physical or
chemical process
• The heat energy that is gained or
lost is absorbed or released into
water in a calorimeter

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 Calorimetry:
• The measurement of heat energy
transferred during a physical or
chemical process
• The heat energy that is gained or
lost is absorbed or released into
water in a calorimeter
• Heat lost by process = heat gained
by water
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 Calorimetry:
Heat lost by metal = heat gained by water

smetalmmetalTmetal = swatermwaterTwater

smmmTm = swmwTw
Metal water
Specific heat x mass x temp change = Specific heat x mass x temp change

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Calorimetry Experiment

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Heat lost = Heat Gained Calculations
smmmTm = swmwTw
Example 1: A piece of metal with a mass of 678 g is heated to 99.8°C
and dropped into 250.0 mL of water at 26.0°C. The final
temperature of the system is 27.1°C. What is the specific heat of
the metal?

First determine heat Now determine specific heat of metal

gained by water
Q = 4.184 ∙ 250.0g ∙ 1.1 =
Q = - 1150J s = Q
Q = 1150J
s = 4.184 J/g·Cº s = ? J/g·Cº mT
m = 250.0 g m = 678 g s = -1150 J
T = 1.1 ºC T = -72.7 ºC 678 g ∙ -72.7oC
(Tfinal – Tinitial) (Tfinal – Tinitial) s = .0233 J
g ∙ oC 25
Heat lost = Heat Gained Calculations
smmmTm = swmwTw
Example 2: A piece of metal is heated to 76.8°C and
dropped into 75.0 mL of water at 22.0°C.The final
temperature of the system is 27.1°C. The specific heat of
the metal is .98 J/g°C. What is the mass of the metal piece?
Metal Water – do first!
Q = -1600J Q = 4.184 · 75.0 · 5.1 = 1600J
s = .98 J/g·Cº s = 4.184 J/g·Cº
m= ? g m = 75.0 g
T = 27.1 - 76.8 = -49.7 ºC T = 27.1- 22.0 = 5.1 ºC
(Tfinal – Tinitial) (Tfinal – Tinitial)
m = -1600
(.98) · (-49.7) = 32.85 so 33g
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 Changes in Heat Energy within a
Chemical Reaction
• Energy can be gained or lost in the form
of heat during a chemical reaction
• When heat energy is gained (or absorbed),
a reaction is called endothermic
• When heat energy is lost (or released), a
reaction is called exothermic
• The change in heat is represented by the
symbol H
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 Exothermic
Surroundings

Heat Released

Energy
System
H= negative
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 Exothermic Reactions
An exothermic reaction will feel warm or
hot to the touch because you feel the heat
being released from the reaction!

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CH 4 + 2O 2  CO 2+ 2H 2 O + Heat

Reactants
CH 4 + 2O 2
Heat
Energy

Products
CO2 + 2 H
2O
EXOTHERMIC  H = negative
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 Endothermic
Surroundings

Heat Absorbed

Energy
System
H= positive
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 Endothermic Reactions
An endothermic reaction will feel cool or
cold to the touch because the heat from your
hand is being absorbed by the reaction!

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 N 2 + O 2 + h ea t  2 N
O Products
2N
O
Energy

Reactants
Heat
N2 +
O2
ENDOTHERMIC H = positive33
 Change in Energy (Heat)
 H
The change in heat energy ( H) in a
chemical reaction is called enthalpy

 H = negative (-) = exothermic

H = positive (+) = endothermic

H is expressed in kJ (kilojoules)
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Calculations Using
Heat Energy

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 2 S + 3 O2  2 SO3 H = -791.4 kJ

Example 1: How much heat will be released

when 3.000 moles of Sulfur react with excess
O2 in the reaction above?
3 mol S -791.4 kJ = -1187 kJ
1 2 mol S

Is the reaction exothermic or endothermic? How do you know?

36
 H2 + Br2  2 HBr H = 72.80 kJ

How much heat will be absorbed when

38.2 g of bromine reacts with excess H2
in the reaction above?

Is the reaction exothermic or endothermic? 37

 H2 + Br2  2 HBr H = 72.80 kJ

How much heat will be absorbed when

38.2 g of bromine reacts with excess H2
in the reaction above?

38.2 g Br2 1 mol Br2 72.80 kJ

1 159.80 g Br2 1 mol Br2

= 17.4 kJ of heat energy absorbed

Is the reaction exothermic or endothermic? 38
 HESS’S LAW
• Sometimes reactions can occur in steps
rather than as single reaction
Example:
2C + H2 ---> C2H2
This reaction actually occurs in 3 steps:
C2H2 + 5/2 O2 ---> 2CO2 + H2O
C + O2 ---> CO2
H2 + ½ O2 ---> H2O
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 HESS’S LAW
• Regardless of the number of steps of a
reaction, the total enthalpy change for the
reaction is the sum of all changes.

2C(s) + H2(g) ---> C2H2(g) H = ??

C2H2 + 5/2 O2 ---> 2CO2 + H2O H = -1299.5 kJ

C + O2 ---> CO2 H = -393.5 kJ

H2 + ½ O2 ---> H2O H = -285.8 kJ
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 HESS’S LAW
Unfortunately, it is not as simple as just adding up all the
Enthalpies. We must manipulate the various steps to the
reaction until each matches the final reaction exactly.
2C(s) + H2(g) ---> C2H2(g) H = ??

C2H2 + 5/2 O2 ---> 2CO2 + H2O H = -1299.5 kJ

C + O2 ---> CO2 H = -393.5 kJ

H2 + ½ O2 ---> H2O H = -285.8 kJ
Which equation needs to be flipped? What is its new H value?

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Steps to Solving Hess’ Law Problems
1. Circle the chemical formulas of interest in each
step equation
2. Flip the step equations so all reactants and
products are in the same locations as in the
reaction of interest. Remember to change the sign
of H when you flip the equation.
3. Multiply step equations so coefficients match the
equation of interest. Remember to multiply H also.
4. Cancel out chemical formulas that appear in both the
reactant and product sides of the step equations.
5. Sum all H values of the step equations.
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 HESS’S LAW

• Hess Law Video example

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• Let’s do an example together
Given the following data:
N2 + 2O2 ---> N2O4 H = 9.6 kJ
2NO2 ---> N2O4 H = -58.2 kJ

Calculate H for the reaction

2NO2  N2 + 2O2

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• Let’s do an example together:
Given the following data:
OF2 + H2O ---> O2 + 2HF H = -277 kJ X2

SF4 + 2H2O ---> SO2 + 4HF H = 828 kJ flip

S + O2 ---> SO2 H = -297 kJ X2

Calculate H for the reaction

2S + 2OF2  SO2 + SF4 H = -1976 kJ
2OF2 + 2H2O ---> 2O2 + 4HF H = -554 kJ (x2)
SO2 + 4HF ---> SF4 + 2H2O H = -828 kJ
2S + 2O2 ---> 2SO2 H = -594 kJ (x2)
H = -1976 kJ
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States of Matter
Phase Changes, Heat of Fusion,
and Heat of Vaporization

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Phases of Matter: (review)
Solid
matter that has definite volume and definite shape

Liquid
matter that has definite volume but indefinite
shape

Gas
matter that has indefinite volume and indefinite
shape 

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Phase Change Descriptions:

Melting
the change from solid to liquid.
Freezing
the change from liquid to solid.
Evaporation (vaporization)
the change from liquid to gas .
Condensation
the change from gas to liquid .
Sublimation
the change from solid to gas .
Deposition
the change from gas to solid .

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Changes of State

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 Phase Change Diagram (Heating/Cooling Curve)

condensing
Boiling
Point evaporating

Melting freezing
Point melting

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•Heat of fusion: (Hfus)
the energy absorbed to change one
mole of a substance from a solid to
a liquid. (melting)
• Heat of vaporization: (Hvap)
the energy absorbed to change one
mole of a substance from liquid to
gas. (vaporizing)

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• NO TEMPERATURE CHANGE
OCCURS DURING A PHASE
CHANGE!

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 Hvap

condensing

evaporating

Hfus
freezing

melting

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• When moving UP the curve, the
Hfus and Hvap will be POSITIVE
(+) because they are endothermic
processes
• When moving DOWN the curve,
the Hfus and Hvap will be
NEGATIVE (-) because they are
exothermic processes

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 Hvap
Exothermic
H = (-) condensing

evaporating

Hfus Endothermic
freezing
H = (+)

melting

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 Calculations with Phase Changes
Example 1: How much energy would it take to completely
melt a 7.20 mol sample of ice at 0°C? The heat of fusion
(Hfus) of H2O is 6.02 kJ/mol.

7.20 mol H2O 6.02 kJ

= 43.3 kJ
1 1 mol H2O

56
• Calculations with Phase Changes
Example 2: How much energy would it take to completely
melt a 15.0 g sample of ice at 0°C? The heat of fusion (Hfus)
of H2O is 6.02 kJ/mol.

What must we do first?

15.0g H20 1 mol H20 6.02kJ

= 4.96kJ
1 18.20g H20 1 mol H20

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• Calculations with Phase Changes
Example 3: How much energy would be released when .456 g
of water vapor (gas) at 100°C condense completely? The heat
of vaporization (Hvap) of H2O is 40.7 kJ/mol.

.456g H20 1 mol H20 40.7kJ

= 1.02kJ
1 18.20g H20 1 mol H20

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