Block 4 Quiz + Lab Exam

Review
TA: Chandy Sujith
csujith@mail.sjsm.org
Oogenesis

• Process of formation of female gametes

• Primary oocytes are arrested in prophase I
• They are formed before birth during the
embryonic and fetal period
• Secondary oocyte are arrested in metaphase II
• Up to 20 primordial follicles mature into
primary follicles every month
• The secondary meiotic division is only complete
if the secondary oocyte becomes fertilized.
Ectopic Pregnancy
● Fertilization typically takes place in
the ampulla of the uterine tube →
ciliary motion and contractions of
the smooth muscle transports
cleavage-stage embryo towards
uterus
● Most ectopic pregnancies occur in
the uterine tubes, typically within
the ampulla.
Changes during the
secretory phase of
the uterine cycle
• Corpus luteum is formed and
produces estrogen and progesterone
• These two hormones produce the
changes in the secretory phase.
• Endometrium thickens, and the
glands become tortuous (coiled) and
distended
• Sawtooth pattern appears in the
glandular epithelium.
Cervical
Neoplasia
• Caused by HPV (Human Papilloma Virus)
• At the transformation zone, dysplasia can
occur which can progress into a carcinoma in
situ
• Dysplasia and carcinoma can be detected by a
pap smear
• HPV-16 and HPV-18 are responsible for
cervical cancers.
• Gene products of HPV can inactivate tumor
suppressor genes
• P53 protein is deactivated by the p53 inhibitor
which is produced by the virus
• Koilocytosis or koilocytic atypia or
koilocytotic atypia are terms to describe the
presence of koilocytes in Pap Smear.
Colostrum
● The thick and yellow milk that is produced a few days after
parturition
● Colostrum is particularly rich in IgA immunoglobulins. These
antibodies provide the neonate with passive humoral immunity.
Carcinoma mammary gland
● Invasive mammary carcinoma (infiltrating mammary carcinoma)
○ Features of both ductal and lobular carcinoma
○ Most common - ductal carcinoma → neoplastic cells of intralobular ducts or small
branches of lactiferous ducts invade the surrounding stroma, forming a fixed,
palpable mass
Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal Portal System
• Allows the transport of hypothalamic releasing hormones and
inhibitory hormones from the primary capillary plexus to the
hormone-producing epithelial cells of the anterior hypophysis.
• Hormones from the hypothalamus is sent to the median eminence of
the infundibulum via nerve axons that run along the hypothalamo–
hypophyseal tract.
• After their release in the median eminence, these neuropeptides
enter a primary capillary plexus and are distributed via portal veins of
the hypothalamus–hypophyseal portal system to the pars distalis of
the anterior pituitary.
Cretinism
• Caused by a lack of thyroid hormones in the fetus.
• Symptoms can include respiratory distress syndrome, poor feeding,
umbilical hernia, and retarded bone growth.
• Untreated hypothyroidism in children results in mental retardation
Thyrotoxicosis
• Hyperthyroidism
• Elevated T3 and T4 levels
• Tumor like nodules arise in the thyroid gland in which the follicular
epithelial cells constantly synthesize thyroid hormone
• Nodular hyperplasia
• Graves disease: Patient produces antibodies (thyroid-stimulating
immunoglobins) against TSH receptors.
• Symptoms include increased metabolic rate, enlargement of the
thyroid glands (goiter), rapid heartrate, high blood pressure and
protruding eyes (exothalmos)
Serum Ca2+
Maintenance
• Parathyroid gland has two main types of cells
• Chief or principal cells which produces PTH (parathyroid hormone) and has
Ca2+ sensing receptors in its membrane
• Oxyphil cells which do not produce PTH and become more numerous with
age
• PTH increases serum calcium levels by:
• Stimulating the resorption of bone
• Stimulating the resorption of Ca2+ in the kidneys
• Production of active vitamin D which increases Ca2+ absorption in the
gut.
• Calcitonin decreases serum calcium levels
• Produced by the C cells (parafollicular) of the thyroid gland
Pituitary Hormones and Functions
Pituitary Hormones and Functions
More Hormones
Pancreatic Hormones and Functions
• Beta cells - Insulin - uptake of glucose
• Decreases serum glucose levels
• Alpha cells - Glucagon – gluconeogenesis
• Increases serum glucose levels
• Delta Cells - somatostatin - inhibit insulin and glucagon
Color Blindness
• Cones - Colors
• Rods - Night Vision
• Color blindness occurs when one or more types of cones are missing
Glaucoma
• Results from intraocular pressure caused by either:
• Excessive secretion
• Impedance of the drainage of aqueous humor  This is done at the canal of
Schlemm (open angle glaucoma) or through the trabecular meshwork (closed
angle glaucoma)
Corneal Graft
● Cornea is one of the few organs that is not rejected as allografts by
the recipient’s immune system.
● Lack of immune rejection
● The cornea does not normally contain blood and lymphatic vessels
→ No delivery of immunogenic materials to regional lymph nodes
and further prevents the migration of activated immune cells to the
allograft.
Retinal Layer Identification
Cataracts
• Defect in the lens specific protein called crystallin
• Opacity of the lens caused by a change in the solubility of
the lens protein, crystallin
• This causes a buildup of the crystallin protein which
obstruction of the pathway of light.
Lab Exam Practice
• Look through Lab 7 and Lab 8 pictures
• Practice Lipincott
 Conducting
and
Respiratory
Zones
Cilia is the last to disappear at the terminal
bronchi
Olfactory
Epitheliu
m
Blood Air
Barrier
Phagocytic Cell in Lungs
Layers of the
Epidermis
• Mnemonic:
• Come
• Lets
• Get
• Sun
• Burned
Pacinian
Corpuscle
•Pacinian (Lamellar)
Corpuscle – have a
lamellated appearance
resembling that of an onion.
• Sensitive to pressure,
vibration and stretch.
• Found deep in the
reticular dermis and
epidermis.
Identification of the
uriniferous tubule
• Know their functions
Identification
• Called the renal corpuscle
• The Bowman capsule has two layers:
• The visceral layer which is attached to the
capillary
• The parietal layer which is associated with
the connective tissue stroma.
• The visceral layer is lined by epithelial
cells called podocytes
• The parietal layer is covered by a basal
lamina supported by simple squamous
epithelium
• A urinary space (Bowman’s space)
containing the plasma ultrafiltrate exists
between the visceral and parietal layers.
Ureter
Identification of
Sertoli cell

• Produces testosterone which is

responsible for the development
of secondary male characteristics.
• Stimulated by interstitial cell-
stimulating hormone (ICSH) of the
anterior lobe of the pituitary
gland.
• In the fetus, testosterone also
suppresses the formation of
female genitalia.
• Testosterone is also responsible
for the secondary sexual changes
the occur at puberty
Seminiferous epithelium
Prostate
Has 4 anatomically and clinically distinct zones
The peripheral zone
• Forms main prostatic glands,
• 70% of glandular tissue
• is the most susceptible to inflammation and the site
of most prostatic carcinomas.
The central zone
• 25% of glandular tissue,
• Is resistant to both carcinoma and inflammation.
The transitional zone
• contains mucosal glands
• Undergoes hyperplasia in older individuals to form
nodular masses (BPH)
The periurethral zone
• Contains mucosal glands
• Undergoes growth in the later stages of BPH.
Penis
• Parasympathetic – Erection
• Sympathetic – Ejaculation
• Erectile dysfunction is a
defect in the corpora
cavernosum
Penis Cross-
Section
• Know the areas!
Epididymis
Stages of Follicular Development
Corpus Luteum
Identify the Phase
• A – Proliferative
• B – Secretory
• C - Menstrual
Development of
the Pituitary Gland
• Anterior hypophysis (adenophysis) –
Rathke’s Pouch
• Neurohypophysis – Infundibular
downgrowth of the floor of the
diencephalon
Identify the layers in the inner sensory retina
Crista
Ampullari
s
Ear Wax
• Ceruminous glands produce earwax
• Modified sweat glands (apocrine)
Cochlear Duct
• Scala media – contains endolymph