Professional Documents
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ch3 Applications
ch3 Applications
Functionality and
Protocols
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 1
Application Layer: OSI and TCP/IP Models
The communication process between two communicating nodes is
Actually a communication process between two applications on
these devices.
Service
application
protocol
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 2
Application Layer: OSI and TCP/IP
Models
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 3
Client
Server
Model
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 4
Servers
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 5
Application Layer
Protocols
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 6
HTTP
(WWW) DHCP
We will examine (IP address
HTTP in detail. resolution)
FTP
(file transfer) DNS
(domain name
resolution)
SMTP SMB
(email) (file sharing)
P2P
Telnet (file sharing)
(remote login)
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 7
DNS
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 8
nslookup
nslookup
Displays default DNS server for your host
Can be used to query a domain name and get the IP address
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 9
Name Resolution
Resolver
DNS client programs used to look up DNS name information.
Name Resolution
The two types of queries that a DNS resolver (either a DNS client or another DNS server)
can make to a DNS server are the following:
Recursive queries
Queries performed by Host to Local DNS Server
Iterative queries
Queries performed Local DNS server to other servers
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 10
DNS Name
Resolution
1
Step 1.
The DNS resolver on the DNS client sends a recursive query to its
configured Local DNS server.
Requests IP address for "www.example.com".
The DNS server for that client is responsible for resolving the name
Cannot refer the DNS client to another DNS server.
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 11
2
3 2
DNS Name
Resolution
1
Step 2.
Local DNS Server forwards the query to a Root DNS server.
Step 3.
Root DNS server
Makes note of .com suffix
Returns a list of IP addresses for TLD (Top Level Domain Servers)
responsible for .com.
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 12
DNS Name
Resolution
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 13
DNS Name Resolution 4
4
Step 4.
The local DNS server sends query for www.example.com to one of
the TLD servers.
Step 5.
TLD Server
Makes note of example.com
Returns IP address for authoritative server example.com (such as
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
dns.example.com server) © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 14
DNS Name Resolution
6
6
7
Step 6.
Local DNS server sends query for www.example.com directly to
DNS server for example.com
Step 7.
example.com DNS server responds with its IP address for
www.example.com
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 15
DNS Name Resolution
8
Step 8.
Local DNS server sends the IP address of www.example.com to the
DNS client.
DNS Caching
When a DNS server receives a DNS reply (mapping hostname to an
IP address) it can cache the information in its local memory.
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 16
DNS Name
Resolution
ipconfig /displaydns
After a certain amount of time, specified in the Time to Live (TTL)
associated with the DNS resource record, the resolver discards the
record from the cache.
ipconfig /flushdns – Manually deletes entries
The default TTL for positive responses is 86,400 seconds (1 day).
The default TTL for negative responses is 300 seconds.
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 17
DHCP – Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 19
DHCP
We will discuss DHCP more when
we discuss IPv4.
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 20
Telnet Telnet
Telnet
Server
HTTP
HTTP
Client
Server
Server
Origin HTTP Response
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 24
FTP
FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
FTP
Client Server
FTP was developed to allow for file transfers between a client and a server.
Used to push and pull files from a server running the FTP daemon (FTPd).
Uses get and put commands
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 25
SMTP – Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
User agent Mail server Mail server User agent
SMTP SMTP
POP3
IMAP
MTA
receives email from the
client's MUA
passes email to the MDA for
final delivery
uses SMTP to route email
between servers
a nd Update
rm Peer
1 – Info
Centralized d Update
1 – Inform an Peer
Directory
1 – Inform and Update 3 – File Transfer
Server
1 – Inform
and Upda Peer A
te
2 – Query
for
1. Peer A starts P2P application content
Flooding Que
ry
Peer B
Query hit
Peer C
it
ue ry h File tran
sfer
Q
Query
Query
Peer A Peer D
Que Peer E
ry
Que
ry h
it
Peer F
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 30
P2P - Combination
Group
Leader
Group
Leader
Query
Query Group
Leader
Query
y R eply
Q uer
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 31
Summary
applications
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 32