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RH PATHO2022 - (Chapt 02 - Cell Injury, Death, Adaptations - A)
RH PATHO2022 - (Chapt 02 - Cell Injury, Death, Adaptations - A)
RH PATHO2022 - (Chapt 02 - Cell Injury, Death, Adaptations - A)
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Important: ischemia = loss of blood supply in a tissue due to impeded arterial flow or reduced
venous drainage. While ischemia is the most common cause of hypoxia, oxygen deficiency can
also result from inadequate oxygenation of the blood, (as in pneumonia), or from reduction in
the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood as in blood loss anemia or from ischemia.
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Causes of Cell Injury
Example: One mechanism of cell injury caused by Hypoxia
(Oxygen deficiency) as a result of Oxygen Deprivation
Atrophy = a decrease (or shrinkage) in the size of the cell by loss of cell substance (that results
from a combination of decreased protein synthesis and increased protein degradation in cells).
When a sufficient number of cells are involved, the entire tissue or organ diminishes in size,
becoming atrophic .
Although atrophic cells may have diminished function, they are not dead.
Examples of tissue and organs especially susceptible to atrophy: skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle,
and the brain.
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Common causes of atrophy: Physiologic stimuli [ decrease workload (the shrinkage of skeletal
muscle that occurs when a limb is immobilized in a cast for several weeks), the loss of hormone
stimulation in menopause, aging] or Pathologic stimuli ( loss of innervation, diminished blood
supply, Inadequate nutrition) like Atrophy of the brain is due to aging and reduced blood
supply.
Hypertrophy = an increase in the size of the cell resulting in an enlarged tissue or organ
(hypertrophic).
Hypertrophy involves an increase in intracellular protein rather than cytosol (intracellular fluid).
physiologic hypertrophy is the effect of consistent exercise on skeletal muscle, leading to an
enlarged muscle mass or hormonal stimulation. or pathologic cellular hypertrophy is the
cardiac enlargement that occurs with hypertension.