Coordinate Geometry

(a) Concept of Cartesian Coordinate

(b) Distance Between Two Points.

(c) Mid-Point of Line Segment.
 
 Cartesian Coordinate

The position of a point on a plane can be given

by its coordinates i.e the signed distances of the
point form two perpendicular axes Ox and Oy
y

-x 0 x

-y
• The x-coordinate is called the abscissa and the
y-coordinate, the ‘ordinate’. The coordinates,
formed an ordered pair, with abscissa written
first. For example, the coordinate A(4, 3) is
distinct from the coordinate B(3, 4).
Coordinates for general points are often taken
as (x, y).
DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS
• Example 1
• Find the distance between the given points;
• (a)(7, 9) and (4, 5) (b) (4, -5) and (0, 0) (c)
(√2, 1) and (2 √2 , 3)
• Solution
•  Distance √(x2 – x1)2 + (y2 – y1)2
•  (7, 9), (4, 5) = √(4 – 7)2 + (5 – 9)2
•  = √(-3)2 + (-4)2
√ 9 + 16
•  = √25 = 5units
•  
• (b) (4, -5), (0, 0) = √(0 – 4)2 + (0 - -5)2
•   = √(-4)2 + (5)2
√ 16 + 25
• √41 units
•
• (c)(√2, 1), (2√2,3)
• = (2√2 - √2)2 + (3 – 1)2
•  = (√2)2 + 22
•  = √2 + 4
• √6 units
•  
• Exercise
• Find the distance between the following points.
•  (a) (√3, - √2) and ( -3√3 , √2)
• (b) (2/3, 1/3) and (-4/3, 4/3) 
• Assignment
• (i) Find the distance between the points (-3,5)
and (4,-5)
• (ii)Show that (-2, 4), (2, 0), (2, 8) and (6, 4) are
the vertices of a square.
• (iii) Show that (1, 1), (4, 1), (3, -2) and (0, -2) are
the vertices of a parallelogram
 Mid point of two points.
• If A and B are the points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) and
(xi, yi) is the mid point of AB, as AC = CB, then AD
= DE as shown in the figure below.
B(x2,y2)
C(xi,yi)

A(x1y1) D E
• From the figure above,
• xi – x 1 = x 2 - x i
• 2xi = x2 + xi
• xi = (x1 + x2)
• 2
• Similarly,
• yi = (y1 + y2)
• 2
• The coordinate of mid point is given as
• (x1 + x2) , ( y1 + y2)
• 2 2
• Examples
• 1. Find the coordinate of the midpoint of the
line joining the points given below:
• (a)(2, 3) and (4, 7)
• (b) (2a, b) and (a, 2b)
• Solution
• (a)(2, 3) and (4, 7)
• (x, y) = (x1 + x2 , y1 + y2)
• 2 2
•  
• = (2 + 4, 3 + 7) = (3, 5)
• 2 2
•  
• (b) (2a, b) and (a, 2b)
• (x, y) = (2a + a), (b + 2b)
• 2 2
• = (3a, 3b)
• 2 2
•  
• Class Work
• Find the coordinate of the midpoint of the following
points.
• (i) (p , p + 1) and (p – 1, 2p + 1)
• (ii)(p2, 2p) and (q2, 2q)
• (iii) (-5, -5) and (-7, -5)
•  
• Assignment
• Find the unknown in the following
• (a)A = (1, 5), B = (x, 2); /AB/ = 5
• (b) A = (-3, y), B = (9, 2); /AB/ = 13
•  
 Division of lines in a given ratio
• The coordinate of any line division is given as
• (x, y) = px2 + qx1, py2 + qy1
• P+q p+q
• Where p and q are the ratios.
•  
• Examples
• 1. Find the coordinate of the points which divide
the lines joining the following pairs of points in
the given ratios.
• Pairs of points. ratios
• (i) (-8, 5) and (4, -7) -3 : 4
• (ii)(10, -2) and (-6, -4) 3 : -2
• (iii) (4, 7) and (3, -2) 4:5
•  
• Solution
• (i) (x, y) = -3 x 4 + 4 x -8,-3x – 7 + 4 x 5
• -3 + 4 -3 + 4
•  = -12 - 32, 21 + 20
• 1 1
• = (-44,41)

•  
(ii) (x, y) = 3x – 6 + -2 x 10 , 3 x – 4 + -2 x – 2
• 3–2 3–2
•  = -18 - 20, -12 + 4
• 1 1
• = (-38, -8)
• (iii) (x, y) = 4 x 3 + 5 x 4, 4 x -2 + 5 x 7
• 4+5 4+5
•   12 + 20, -8 + 35
• 9 9
•  = 32, 27 = 32, 3
• 9 9 9
 Gradient of a Straight Line

• The gradient of a line is defined as the ratio

increase in y to increase in x in going from one
point to another on a line.
• y
• Q(x2,y2)
• y 2 – y1
• x2 –x1
• x
• let m be the gradient
• P(x ,y1) then m = y 2 - y1
x -x
• Examples
• 1. Find the gradient of the lines joining the
following pairs of points.
• (a)(5, -4) and (3, -2)
• (b) (4, 3) and (5, -2)
• (c)(-2, -3) and (-6, -7)
• (d) (0, p) and (q, 0)
•  
 Solution
• (a)(5, -4) and (3, -2)
• m = y2 - y1 = -2 - -4 = -2 + 4 = 2 = -1
• x2 - x 1 3 - 5 -2 -2
• (b) (4, 3) and (5, -2)
m = y2 - y1 = -2 - 3 = -5 = -5
• x2 – x 1 5 – 4 1
• (c) (-2, -3) and (-6, -7)
• m = -7 - -3 = -7 + 3 = -4 = 1
• -6 - -2 -6 + 2 -4
• (d) (0, p) and (q, 0)
•   m = 0 – p = -p
• q–0 q
•  
•  
• Class Work
• 1. Find the coordinate of the point which divides internally the line joining the points.
• (i) (8, 9) and (-7, 4) in the ratio 2:3
• (ii)(1, -2) and (4, 7) in the ratio 1:3
• (iii) (3, 4) and (7, 0) in the ratio 1:3
•  
• 2. Find the gradient of the line through each of the following points.
• (a)(1, 2) and (5, 6)
• (b) (-4, -9) and (-2, 1)
•
• Assignment
• Find the coordinate of the points which divides the line.
• 1. (5, 8) and (-1, 3) in the ratio 2:3 and
• 2. (2, -1) and (4, 5) in the ratio of 2:3
• 3 Find the gradient of the line joining the points
• (a) (6, 3) and (-2, 6)
• (b) (-4, 5) and (-7, 1)
•  
 Angle of Slope
• y Q
•

• α
• P R x
•
• The line PQ makes an angle α with the positive x- axis. α is called the
angle of slope of the line.
• Gradient of line PQ = QR = tan α = m
PR
• Hence, the gradient of a line = tangent of the angle of slope.
•  
• i.e = m = y2 - y1 = tan α
• x 2 - x1
• α = tan-1(m)
  Examples 1
Find the angle of slope of the line with points
(3, 2) and (7, 10).
• m = y2 - y1 = 10 – 2 = 8 = 2
• x2 - x1 7–3 4
• tan α = 2
• α = tan-1 (2)
• α = 63.430
• Example 2.
• Find the gradient of the line joining the points (-3,
-5) and (4, -1) and hence, find the angle of slope.
• m = y2 - y1 = -1 - -5 = 4
• x2 - x 1 4 - -3 7
• tan α = 4/7
• α = tan-1 (4/7)
• α = 29.740
 Angle Between Two Lines

•
•
• Ɵ
•
• Ɵ2 Ɵ1

• Let θ and Ø be the interior and exterior angle between the given lines, then,
• θ1 = θ + θ2 (sum of two opposite interior = 1ext)
• θ = θ1–θ2
• but tan θ = tan (θ1 – θ2)
• tan θ = tan θ1 - tan θ2
• 1 + tan θ1 tan θ2
• If we put m1 = tan θ1, m2 = tan θ2, then
•  
• tan θ = m1 – m2
• 1 + m 1m 2
• If Ø is the exterior angle between the lines, then
•  
•
Ø = - θ (sum of < s on a line)
•  
•
the obtuse Ø is 180 - θ and
•  
•
tan Ø = m1 – m2
• 1 + m1m2 m1m2 = -1
•  
•  
• Examples
• 1. Find the angle between the lines whose gradients are
• 5 and 4.
• Solution
• If θ is the required angle,
• then, tan θ = m1 – m2
• 1 + m1m2
•
• 5 - 4 = 1
• 1 + 5 x 4 21
•  
• tan θ = 1/21
• θ = tan-1 (1/21)
• θ = 2.730
•  
• 2. Find the angle between the lines whose gradients
are -3 and -½
• Solution
• tan θ = m1 - m2
• 1 + m1m2
• -3 - (-½ ) = -3 + ½ = -2½ = -1
• 1 + (-3) (-½ ) 1 + 3/2 2½
• tan θ = 1
• θ = tan-1 (1)
• θ = 45
• The angle is thus an obtuse angle Ø = 1800- θ
• = 1800 – 450 = 1350
• 3.Find the angle between the following pairs
of lines : y = x + 3 and y = 2x + 5
• Solution
• General equation of straight line is y = mx + c ,
where m is the gradient, c is intercept
• Therefore,
• y=x+3 ; m1 = 1
• y = 2x+ 5 ; m2 = 2
•
• tan θ = m1 – m2
• 1 + m1m2
• 1 - 2 = -1 = -1
• 1+1 x 2 3 3
•  
•
tan θ = 1/3
• θ = 18.430
• The angle is thus an obtuse angle Ø = 1800- θ
• = 1800 – 18.430 = 161.570
•  
•  
• Class Work
• 1. Find the angle between the lines whose gradients are 1
and -2.
• 2. Find the angle between the lines whose points are located
at (3, 4) and (2, -1) and (5, -2) and (3, 1)
•  
•  
• Assignment
• Find the angle of slope of the lines below
• (a)(1, 2) and (5, 6)
• (b) (10, 4) and (-2, -2)
• Hence, find the angle between the lines if they are on the
same plane.
 Condition for Parallelism
• If the lines are parallel, the angle between them is 0 i.e. θ = 0o
• Since tanθ = m1 - m2
• 1 + m1m2
•
• tan0 = m1 - m2
• 1 + m 1 m2
•  
• 0= m1 - m2
• 1 + m1m2
•  
• m1 - m2 = 0
• m1 = m2
•
• Two lines are parallel if their gradients are equal (i.e. m1 = m2)
 Condition for Perpendicularity
If two lines are perpendicular, the angle between them is 90 o
i.e θ = 90o 
• Then, tan90o = m1 - m2 (since tan900 is undefined)
• 1 + m1m2
•  
• therefore 1 = m1 - m 2
• 0 1 + m1m2
• For an expression to be undefined, the denominator must be 0
• 1 + m1m2 = 0
• m1m2 = -1
• m1 = -1/m2 or m2 = -1/m1
• Hence, two lines are perpendicular if the product of their gradients is
-1 i.e. m1 x m2 = -1
• Examples:
• Determine if line AB is parallel or
perpendicular to line PQ in each of the
following.
• (a)A(3, 1) ; B(4, 3); P(4, 6) ; Q(5, 8)
• (b) A(5, -1) ; B(3, 2); P(2, 4) ; Q(5, 6)
• (c)A(4, 7) ; B(6, 8); P(3, 5) ; Q(5, 6)
• (d) A(-1, -2) ; B(2, -3); P(5, 4) ; Q(6, 7)
• Solution
• Let the gradient of AB be m1 and PQ be m2. Also, m =
y2 - y1
x2 - x1
•  
• (a)m1 = 3 – 1 = 2 = 2
• 4–3 1
• m2 = 8 – 6 = 2 = 2
• 5–4 1
• Since m1 = m2,
• AB//PQ (implies line AB is parallel to line PQ)
• (b) m1 = 2 - -1 = 3
• 3 - 5 -2
• m2 = 6 – 4 = 2
• 5–2 3
• m1m2 = 3 x 2 = -1
• -2 3
• m1 x m2 = -1 AB ┴ PQ
• (implies line AB is perpendicular to line PQ)
• (c)m1 = 8 – 7 = 1
• 6–4 2
• m2 = 6 – 5 = 1
• 5–3 2
• m1 = m2 AB//PQ
• (d) m1 = -3 - -2 = -1
• 2 - -1 3
• m2 = 7 – 4 = 3
• 6–5 1
• -1 x 3 = -1 AB ┴PQ
• 3 1
• Class Work
1. Determine whether the line AB is parallel or
perpendicular to PQ in the following.
• A(-1, 3); B(4, 7); P(5, 4); Q(10, 8)
• A(-a, 0); B(0, b); P(0, 0); Q(b, -a)

•  Assignment
2. Exam Maths page 134 numbers
7,8,10,12,14,16 ,17,18,19 and 31
•  
 Equation of a Line
• The equation of a line is the relationship that exists
between the two coordinates x and y of a variable
point on the line.
•   Q
• A(x,y)
•
• y-c
• c
• x
• P
• Let A(x, y) be any variable point on PQ. If the
gradient of PQ is m and the intercept of the
line on y - axis is c, then
• m=y - c
• x
• y – c = mx
• y = mx + c
• This is called the equation of a straight line
• Where m is the gradient and c the intercept.
•  
•  
 Examples

• 1. Find the gradients and the intercept on y-

axis of the following lines.
• (a)y = 3x – 4
• (b) y = -5x + 1
• (c) y = -½ x + 3
• (d) 3y = 4x + 6
• Solution
• Since m =gradient and c = intercept, then y = mx + c
• Writing in this form,
• (a)y = 3x - 4
• m = 3; c = -4
•  
• (b) y = -5x + 1
• m = -5; c = 1
•  
• (c)y = -½x + 3
• m = -½ c = 3
•  
• (d) 3y = 4x + 6
• y = 4/3x + 6/3 m = 4/3; c = 2
•  
• Two Point Form
• If the straight line given is passing through the
point A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) and we take a variable
point P(x, y) on the line, then
• y
• B(x2,y2)
• P(x,y) y2-y
•
• A(x1,y1) y-y1
• x –x1 x2- x

• x
• Gradient of AP = y - y1
• x - x1
•  
• Gradient of AB = y2 - y1
• x2 – x1
• Equation of the line is given as y2 – y1 = y – y1
x2 – x1 x – x1
• y – y1 = (x – x1)(y2 - y1)
• x2 - x1
•  
• since m = y2 – y1, then
• x2 – x1
• m = y – y1
• x – x1
•  
• Examples
• 1. Obtain the equation of the line through the points (4, 1) and (-2, 3)
• Solution
• y – y1 = y2 - y1
• x – x1 x2 - x1
•  
• y–1 = 3 - 1 y–1 = 2
• x - 4 -2 - 4 x - 4 -6
•  
• y - 1 = 1
• x - 4 -3
•  
• -3y + 3 = x – 4
• -3y - x = -4 - 3
• 3y + x = 7 OR x + 3y - 7 = 0
•  
• 2. Find the equation of the line which passes through the
points P(2, -3) and Q(-4, 2)
• Solution
• y2 – y1 = y - y1
• x2 – x1 x - x1
•  
• 2 - -3 = y - -3 5 = y+3
• -4 - 2 x - 2 -6 x -2
•  
• -6y - 18 = 5x - 10
• -6y – 5x = -10 + 18
• 6y + 5x = -8 OR 6y + 5x + 8 = 0 or y = -5x - 4
• 6 3
• 3. Find the gradient of the line parallel to the line
which passes through (-5, -8) and (3, 0)
•  
•  
• Solution
• Since the lines are parallel,
• m1 = m2 = 0 - -8 = 8 = 1
• 3 - -5 8
• The gradient is 1
• 4. Find the gradient of the lines whose gradients are
perpendicular to (a) 5/6 (b) -51/7
• Solution
• Since the gradients are perpendicular,
• then m1m2 = -1
• Thus, m1 = -1/m2
• (a)m1 = -1/5/6 = -6/5
•  
• (b) m1 = -1 = 1 = 7
• - 51/7 36 36
• 7
•  
• 5. Find the equation of the line which passes through
• (-3, 5) and parallel to the line 3y – 5x + 2 = 0
• Solution
• Let the gradient of 3y – 5x + 2 = 0 be m1
• 3y = 5x – 2
• y = 5/3x – 2/3
• m1 = 5/3
• But m1 = m2 (since the lines are parallel)
• but m = y – y1
• x – x1
• 5=y–5
• 3 x - -3
• 3y – 15 = 5x + 15
• 3y - 5x = 30
• OR
• From y = mx + c
• 5 = 5 (-3) + c
• 3
• 5 = -5 + c
• C = 10
• Equation of the line is
• y = 5/3x + 10
• 3y = 5x + 30
• 3y - 5x = 30
•  
• 6. Find the equation of the line which passes through the point (-3,
5) and is perpendicular to the line 2x - 4y + 3 = 0
• Solution
• Let the gradient of the line 2x – 4y + 3 = 0 be m 1
• 2x + 3 = 4y
• 2
/4x + ¾ = y
• m1 = ½
• Since the lines are perpendicular, then
• m2 = -1/1/2 = -2
• Using m = y – y1
• x – x1
• -2 = y – 5 -2x - 6 = y -5
• x - -3 y + 2x + 1 = 0
• y + 2x = -1
• OR
• Let the gradient of the line 2x – 4y + 3 = 0 be m1
• 2x + 3 = 4y
• 2
/4x + ¾ = y
• m1 = ½
• Since the lines are perpendicular, then
• m2 = -1/1/2 = -2

• From y = mx + c
• 5 = -2(-3) + c y = -2x - 1
• 5 = 6 + c y + 2x = -1
• c = -1
•
 The Gradient - Intercept Form

• Recall: y = mx + c
• y - y1 = m(x – x1) + c
• y – y1 = y2 - y1 (x – x1) + c
• x2 - x 1
 
• Therefore, an equation of the form ax + by + c = o
• may be called the general form of the equation of
a straight line.
• The general form may be transformed into
other forms by suitable re-arrangement of the
terms. E.g.
• ax + by + c = o
• by = -ax - c
• y = -ax - c
• b b
• This is the gradient intercept form.
• Intersecting Lines
• Two lines y = m1x + c1 and y = m2 x + c2 where m1 = m2, intersect at the point where
the line equations are solved simultaneously to obtain the ordered pair x and y.
•  
• Intercept On The axes
• The points where the lines meet the axes are called intercepts. The x-
intercept is the intercept on the x-axis while the y-intercept is the intercept on
the y-axis.
• At the x-intercept, y-coordinate is zero. Hence, to find the x-intercept of the line
ax + by + c = o set y = o and solve for x. i.e . ax + c = o
• x = -c/a (a , o)
• Hence, the x – intercept is (-c/a, o)
• At the y – intercept, the x – coordinate is zero.
• Hence, in order to find the y – intercept, of the line
• ax + by + c = o, put x = o and solve for y i.e
• by + c = o y = -c/b
• the y – intercept is (o, -c/b)
• Examples
• 1. Determine the x – intercept ‘a’ and the
• y – intercept ‘b’ of the following lines.
• (a)3x + 5y - 15 = 0
• (b) x - y - 7 = 0
• Solution
• 3x + 5y - 15 = 0
• To find the x-intercept, set y = 0
• 3x + 5(0) = 15
• x= 5
• a = 5
• To find the y – intercept, set x = 0
• 3(0) + 5y = 15
• y=3
• b=3
• The intercept (a,b) as (5,3)
• (b) x - y - 7 = 0
• at x – intercept, y = 0
• x–0–7 =0
• x=7 a = 7
• at y - intercept, x = 0
• 0–y–7=0
• - y = +7
• y = -7
• (a,b) = (7, -7)
• 2. Two perpendicular lines PQ and QR intersect at (1, -1). If the
equation of PQ is x – 2y + 4 = 0, find the equation of QR
•  
• Solution
• x - 2y + 4 = 0
• 2y = x + 4
• y =½x + 2
• m1 = ½
• since the lines are perpendicular, m 2 = -2
• -2 = y - -1
• x - 1
• y + 1 = 2 - 2x
• y + 2x = 1 or y + 2x - 1 = 0
•  
• 3. Find the point of intersection of lines 3x + 8y = 2 and 2x - 3y
= -7
•  
• Solution
• 3x + 8y = 2 ………… (i) x 2
• 2x - 3y = -7 ………… (ii)x 3
• 6x + 16y = 4
• 6x - 9y = -21
• 25y = 25
• y=1
• substitute y = 1 in (i)
• 3x + 8(1) = 2
• 3x = -6
• x = -2
• The point of intersection is (-2, 1)
•  
 Perpendicular Distance
• The perpendicular distance from a point (x, y)
to a given line Ax + By + C = 0, is given as
• Ax1 + By1 + C
• A2 + B2
•  
• A = Coefficient of x
• B = Coefficient of y
• C = Constant
• Example
• Determine the perpendicular distance from
the point (2, -5) to the line 3x + 4y = -2
• Solution
• 3x + 4y = -2 3x + 4y + 2 = 0
• A = 3; B = 4; C =2; x1 = 2, y1 = -5
• D = Ax1 + By1 + C
• √A2 + B2
•  
3 x 2 + 4 x -5 + 2
• √32 + 42
•  
= -12 = 22/5
• 5
•  
• Class Work
• 1. What is the perpendicular distance from a point (2, 3) to the line 2x -
4y + 3 = 0.
• 2. Find the x and y intercept in each of the following.
• (i) 2x + 5y = 10 (ii) 4x - y = 20
• 3. Determine the coordinates of the points of intersection of the lines
3x + 5y - 15 = 0 and x - y - 7 = 0
•  
• Assignment
• 1. Determine the point of intersection of
• (i) 2x – 3y = 8 and 3x + 4y + 5 = 0
• (ii) y = 3 and x + 3y = 10
• 2. By solving the following as simultaneous equation. Find the coordinates
of the point of intersection of the lines 2y + 3x = 16 and 7y = 2x + 6.
Hence, find the equation of the line through this point with gradient -2.
 
• Application of Coordinate Geometry in 3 Point Form
P(6, 3), Q(3, 7) and R(4, 2) are 3 points on a plane. A is
the mid point of QR and B is the foot of the
perpendicular from Q to PR. Find.
• (a)the coordinate of A
• (b) the equation of lines PA and QB
• (c)the point of intersection of PA and QB
• (d) the equation of the line passing through Q and
parallel to the line PR
• (e)the perpendicular distance from Q to PR
• (f) the area of triangle PQR
 
• y

• 1 x
• (a)Since A is the midpoint of QR,
• Midpoint coordinate x1 + x2, y1 + y2
• 2 2
A(x, y) = 4 + 3 , 2 + 7 = 7 , 9
• 2 2 2 2
•  
•  
• (b)Equation of line PA and QB
• For PA
• P(6, 3) and A(7/2, 9/2)
• y - y1 = y2 - y 1
• x - x1 x2 - x1
•
• y - 3= 9/2 - 3
• x - 6 7/ 2 - 6
•  
• y - 3= 3/2 3/2(x - 6) = -5
/2(y - 3)
• x - 6 -5/2
•  
• 3(x - 6) = -5(y - 3)
• 3x - 18 = -5y + 15
• 5y + 3x - 33 = 0
 =

• For QB
• Since QB is perpendicular to PR, then
• Equation of PR = P(6, 3) and R(4, 2)
• y – y1 = y2 - y1 = y - 3 = 2 - 3
• x - x1 x2 - x1x - 6 4 - 6
• 2(y – 3) =1(x – 6)
• 2y - 6 = x - 6
• 2y - x = 0
• 2y = x
• y = x/2
• m1 = ½ m2 = -2
• -2 = y - 7
• 1 x - 3
• y - 7 = -2x + 6
• y + 2x - 13 = 0
•  
• (c)Point of intersection of PA and QB
• 5y + 3x = 33 (i)
• y + 2x = 13 (ii)
• from (ii) y = 13 - 2x ( **)
• Substitute y in (i)
• 5(13 - 2x) + 3x = 33

• 65 - 10x + 3x = 33
• -7x = -32
• x = 32/7
• substitute x in (**)
• y = 13 - 2 (32/7)

• y = 13 - 64
/7
• y = 27
/7
• the point of intersection (x, y) = (32/7, 27
/ 7)
(d) Since the line is passing through Q, then line is
parallel to PR.
• Gradient of PR = ½
• Gradient of the line = ½ (since they are parallel)
• From m = y – y1

• x - x1
• 1 = y - 7

• 2 x - 3
• 2y - 14 = x - 3
• 2y - x - 11 = 0
• (e)Perpendicular distance.
• Equation of PR = - x + 2y = 0
• A = -1, B = 2, C = 0; Pt(3, 7)
• Ax1 + By1 + C = -1 x 3 + 2 x 7 + 0

• √A2 + B2 √(-1)2+ 22
• s
• = -3 + 14 = 11 units

• √1 + 4 √5
•  
•  
• (f) Area of ∆PQR = ½ bh
• PR = √(4 – 6)2 + (2 – 3)2
• = √(-2)2 + (-1)2
• √ 4 + 1 = √ 5units
•  
•
b = √5, h = 11
• √5
• Area ½ b x h = 1 x √5 x 11
• 2 √5
• = 11/2 = 5.5 sq units
 TEST
• P(6, 3), Q(3, 7) and R(4, 2) are 3 points on a plane. Find
the following
• 1 the distance between points P and Q
• 2 the gradient of the line formed by joining points R and
Q
• 3 The angle of slope of line PR
• 4 the mid point of lines PQ and QR
• 5 the equation of the line PQ and QR
• 6.find the equation of a line passing through the point (-
3,6) and perpendicular to the line y = -4x + 2