2.9.

3 Loop
• Is any closed connection of branches.

• Note how two different loops in the same circuit

may include some of the same elements or
branches.
1
 2.9.4 Mesh
• Is a loop that does not contain other loops.

Figure 2.49 Definition of a mesh

2
 2.9.5 Network Analysis
• The analysis of an Electrical Network consists
of determining each of the unknown branch
currents and node voltages.
• The analysis of electrical circuits consists of
(Chapter 3):
1. Define all of the relevant variables as clearly as
possible.
2. Construct a set of equations relating these
variables.
3. Solve them by means of suitable techniques.

3
 2.9.6 Circuit Variables
• The first observation to be
made is that the relevant
variables in Network
Analysis are the Node
Voltages and the Branch
Currents.
• This fact is really nothing
more than a consequence
of Ohm’s Law.
• Consider the branch
depicted in Figure 2.50.
4
 Continue…
• Here, once a voltage vR is defined
across the resistor R, a current iR
will flow through the resistor,
according to vR = iRR.
• But the voltage vR, which causes
the current to flow, is really the
difference in electric potential
between nodes a and b:
5
 Continue…
• But, What meaning do we assign to
the variables va and vb?
• Was it not stated that voltage is a
potential difference?
• Is it then justifiable to define the
voltage at a single point (node) in a
circuit?
• The answer is as follow
6
 Continue…
• Whenever we reference the voltage at a
node in a circuit, we imply an
assumption that the voltage at that
node is the potential difference
between the node itself and a reference
node called ground, which is located
somewhere else in the circuit and
which for convenience has been
assigned a potential of zero volts.
7
 Continue…
• Thus, the expression vR = va − vb really
signifies that vR is the difference between
the voltage differences va − vc and vb − vc.
• Where vc is the (arbitrary) ground
potential.
• Note that the equation vR = va − vb would
hold even if the reference node, c , were
not assigned a potential of zero volts, since

8
 EX 2.12: Integration of Concepts
• Identify the branch and node voltages and the loop
and mesh currents in the circuit of Figure 2.52.

Note: ia, ib, and ic are loop currents, but

only ia and ib are mesh currents.
9
 Chapter 3

Resistive Network Analysis

10
 Introduction
• This chapter will illustrate the
fundamental techniques for the analysis
of Resistive Circuits.
• The methods introduced are based on
the circuit laws presented in Chapter 2:
1. Kirchhoff’s
2. Ohm’s laws.

11
3.1 The Node Voltage Method
• It is also called Nodal Analysis.
• The procedure of this method is as follow:

12
Application of KCL at node a yields:

at node a

at node b

at reference node
This equation is not necessary, and can be
generated from the first two equations

13
14
 EX 3.2: Nodal Analysis With
Current Sources
• Write the nodal
equations and solve for
the node voltages in the
circuit of Figure 3.6.
• Given data is as follow:
ia = 1 mA; ib = 2 mA; R1
= 1 kΩ; R2 = 500 Ω; R3
= 2.2 kΩ; R4 = 4.7 kΩ.

15
 Continue…
• Solution:
• First, the ground node
is chosen to be the node
at the bottom of the
circuit.
• Next, two nodes remain
after the selection of the
reference node.
• Let us label these a and
b and define voltages va
and vb.
16
 Continue…
• Finally, we apply KCL at each of the nodes

• Rewrite the equations to obtain a linear system:

17
 Continue…
• Substituting the numerical values in these
equations, we get

18