FHMM1014 Topic 1 Numbers and Sets Student

Centre For Foundation Studies
Department of Sciences and Engineering
FHMM1014 Mathematics I
Topic 1
Numbers and Sets
FHMM1014 Mathematics I 1
Subtopics
1.1 Real Numbers
1.2 Indices and Logarithms
1.3 Complex Numbers
1.4 Sets
1.1 Real Numbers
Real Numbers
What number system have you been using most of
your life?
 The real number system.
A real number is any number that has a decimal

representation.
Set of Real Numbers
(i) Natural Numbers, N
Counting numbers (also called positive integers)
N = { 1, 2, 3, …… }
Whole Numbers:
W  {0}  N  {0,1, 2,3,}
(ii) Integers, Z
Natural numbers, their negatives, and 0.
Z = {……, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, ……}
Set of Real Numbers
(iii) Rational Numbers, Q
Numbers that can be represented as a b ,
where a and b are integers and b  0.
All rational number can be represented by:
(a) terminating decimal numbers
such as 5 2  2.5, 1 2  0.5,  3 4  0.75
(b) nonterminating repeating decimal
numbers
 2 3  0.666..., 2 15  0.1333...
such as
Set of Real Numbers
(iv) Irrational Numbers, I
Numbers which cannot be expressed as a ratio of two
integers. They are non-terminating & non-repeating
decimal numbers.
I  2, 3, 5, e ,  ,  
Note: The square roots of all natural numbers which are not
perfect squares are irrational.
(v) Real Numbers, R
All rational and irrational numbers.
Set of Real Numbers
R
Q I
Example 1 (a)
Identify each number below as a natural number, an
integer, a rational number or an irrational number.
23
8, 21, 0, , 0.5381, 7, 1.5,
9
2.005, 0.333..., 0.1234, , 9
Example 1(a) Solution
R
23 Q I
, 0.5381, 1.5,
9 7,  
Z 2.005,
–8 , 0
0.333...,
N 0.1234
21, 9
Operations on Real Numbers
(i) Commutative Law
* Addition : a  b  b  a
* Multiplication : a b  b a
(ii) Associative Law
* Addition : a  (b  c)  (a  b)  c
* Multiplication : a (bc)  ( ab)c
(iii) Distributive Law
(1) a(b  c)  ab  ac
(2) a(b  c)  ab  ac
(iv) Identity Law
* Addition : a  0  0  a  a
* Multiplication : a  1  1 a  a
(v) Inverse Law
*Addition : a  (  a )  ( a )  a  0
*Multiplication : a  a  1
1
a
1
a
(vi) Zero Property Law
* Multiplication :
a b  0  a  0 or b  0
Example
Example11(b)
(b)
Identify the law that justifies each of the following
statements: 2 2 2
(a) x ( x  y)  x  x  x  y
(b) (2 x  3)  5  2 x  (3  5)
(c) 2 x  (5  3x)  (2 x  5)  3 x
(d) If a  b  0, then a  b
(e) If ( x  5)( x  4)  0
 x  5  0 or x  4  0
Example 1(b) Solution
(a) x 2 ( x  y )  x 2  x  x 2  y Distributive law

(b) (2 x  3)  5  2 x  (3  5) Associative law (addition)
(c) 2 x  (5  3x)  (2 x  5)  3x Associative law (addition)
(d) If a  b  0, then a  b Inverse law (addition)
(e) If ( x  5)( x  4)  0
 x  5  0 or x  4  0 Zero Property law
Real Number Line
Origin
–8 –4 0 4 8
21

4
 53
Intervals for Real Numbers
Certain sets of real numbers, called intervals, are
denoted by the following notations:
• Use parentheses (a, b) for “open ends”,
where the endpoints a & b are not included.
• use brackets [a, b] for “closed ends”, where
the endpoints a & b are included.
Finite Intervals
For any two different real numbers, a and b, with a < b:
The open interval is defined as the set
(a, b)  {x : a  x  b}   x
a b
The closed interval is defined as the set
[a, b]  {x : a  x  b}   x
a b
The half-closed (or half-open) interval is defined as
(a, b]  {x : a  x  b} or [a, b)  {x : a  x  b}
  x   x
a b a b
Infinite Intervals
Interval Notation Set Notation Graph

( a,  ) {x : x  a} a
x
[ a, ) {x : x  a}  x
a
(, b) {x : x  b} 
b
x
(, b] {x : x  b}  x
b
(, ) ℝ x
Example 2
(i) Express each interval in terms of inequalities,
and then graph the interval on a number line.
(a) [–1, 8) (b) [2.5, 8]
(c) (–3, )
(ii) Graph each set.

(a) (1,3)  [2,8] (b) (1,3)  [2,8]
Example 2 Solution
(i) (a) [1, 8)  {x :  1  x  8}  

1 8
(b) [2.5, 8]  {x : 2.5  x  8}  

2.5 8
(c) (3, )  {x : x  3}

3
 
(ii) (a) (1,3)  [2,8]     
1 2 3 8 2 3
(b) (1,3)  [2,8] 

1

8
Absolute Values
The absolute value (or modulus) of a real number, x
is denoted by x .
 x if x  0
x 
  x if x  0
Note: x  0  x is always non-negative.
Absolute Values
Geometrically, x is the distance between the point
x and the origin on the real number line.
For any positive real number a,
x  a  x  a or x  a
a 0 a
Example 3
Find the values of x if
(i) 3x  1  5
2
(ii) 2x  6  x , x0
Ans: (i) 2,  43 (ii)  2
Example 3 Solution
(i) 3 x  1  5, or  3 x  1  5
x2 or x   43
Alternative solution:
 3x  1 
2
 52  3x 2  2 x  8  0
(3 x  4)( x  2)  0  x2 or x   43
(ii) As x  0, x  x
2x2  6   x  2x2  x  6  0
( x  2)(2 x  3)  0
3
x  2 , (rejected as x  0)
FHMM1014 Mathematics I 2 28
1.2
Indices and
Logarithms
1.2 Exponents
If a is any real number and n is a positive integer, then
the nth power of a is:
n
a  aa  a (multiply a n times).
• The number a is called the base and

n is called the exponent.
Properties of Exponents
For m,n  Integers and a, b  Real numbers ,
1 n
m n
(i) a a  a mn
(v)  a
an
m
a mn (vi) ( ab ) n
 a n n
b
(ii) n
a
a a
n
a n
 
m n
(iii) ( a )  a mn (vii)    n
b b
0
(iv) a  1 a
n
b
n
(viii)     
FHMM1014 Mathematics I
b  a  31
Exponential Equation
An equation with a variable in the exponent is
called an exponential equation.
Property :
x y
** If a  0 , a  1, and a  a , then x  y.
x y
** If a  0 , a  1 , and x  y , then a  a .
Note : Both bases must be the same!!
Example 4
Solve (a) 2  16
x
(b) 16 2 x 1
 64 x 3
Ans: (a) 4 (b) 11
Example 4 Solution
(a) 2 x  24
x4
2   2 
4 2 x 1 6 x 3
(b)
24(2 x 1)  26( x 3)
4(2 x  1)  6( x  3)
x  11
Example 5
Solve the equation

2 2 x 3
 3(2 )  16  0 .
x
Ans: 3 or 4
Example 5 Partial Solution
22 x 23  3(2 x )  16  0
1 2x x
 (2 )  3(2 )  16  0
8
 (2 x ) 2  24(2 x )  128  0

Exponential Functions
The exponential function with base a is defined
for all real numbers x by:
x
f ( x)  a
where a > 0 and a ≠ 1.
x a
Note : f ( x)  a is different from f ( x)  x .
Example 6
x  2
If f ( x)  2 , find f (1), f    and f (3).
 5
1
1 5
Ans: 2,   , 8
4
Example 6 Solution
x
f ( x)  2
f (1)  21  2
2 1
2
 2 1 1
 5 5
f    2      
5
 5 2  4
3
f (3)  2  8
Graphs of Exponential Functions
Graphs of Exponential Functions
Generally,
ya x
y  ax
Natural Exponential Base
The constant e can be defined in many ways, one which arises from the study of compound interest defines e as
n
 1
Note : e is an irrational number.
e  lim 1  
n 
 n
 2.71828...
Natural Exponential Function
The exponential function with base e, called the
natural exponential function, is defined by:
x
f ( x)  e
for all real numbers x.
It is often referred to as the exponential

function.
10
y  3x
8
6 y  ex
4
y  2x
2
0
-2 -1 0 1 2
x
x x x
** e is between 2 and 3 , because e is between 2 and 3.
** Note: Same y-intercept (0, 1).
x x x
** For x  0 , the graphs show that 2  e  3 .
x x x
** For x  0 , the graphs show that 2  e  3 .
2 0.32 3.8
Evaluate e , 2e
rounded to and e
four decimal places.
Ans: 7.3891, 1.4523, 44.7012
Logarithm
Definition of logarithm :
For a  0, a  1, and x  0,
n
xa means log a x  n
0
** 1  a  log a 1  0
1
** a  a  log a a  1
Graphs of Logarithmic Functions
Graphs of Logarithmic Functions
Generally, the graph of y  log a x :
Properties of Logarithms
(i) log a  xy   log a x  log a y
x
(ii) log a    log a x  log a y
 y
p
(iii) log a x  p log a x
Properties of Logarithms
log b c
(iv) log a c 
log b a
1
(v) log a b 
log b a
Example 7
Solve the equations

(i) log 3 x 2  log 3 x  log 9 27
9
(ii) 2 log x 3  log 9 x 
4
1
Ans: (i) 3 2
(ii) 38 or 31
Example 7 Solution
3
2 log 27 log 3 3
(i) log 3 x  log 3 x  log 9 27  3
 3
2

log 3 9 log 3 3 2
3
2 log 3 x  log 3 x 
2
3
3log 3 x 
2
1
log 3 x 
2
1
x3 2
9
(ii) 2 log x 3  log 9 x 
4
1
2 log 3 3 log 3 x 92
2 log 3 x 9
     
log 3 x log 3 9 4 log 3 x 4 4
  log 3 x   9  log 3 x   8  0
2
Natural Logarithm
log b x is called:
• Common Logarithm, when the base b = 10.
• Natural Logarithm, when the base b = e .
Note : log10 x  log x  lg x

log e x  ln x
lg10  1, ln e  1
Example 8
Solve the equation below:
e 2 x  4e x  12  0
Ans: ln 2
Example 8 Solution
2x x
e  4e  12  0
(e x ) 2  4(e x )  12  0
(e x  6)(e x  2)  0
e x  6 (rejected as e x  0)
ex  2
x  ln 2
1.3 Complex Numbers
1.3 Complex Numbers
2
For example, the equation x  9  0 has no real
solution. If we try to solve this equation, we will get
x   9
But this is impossible, since square of any real
number is positive. Hence mathematicians
invented the complex number system to solve all
quadratic equations.
Complex Numbers
A complex number in Cartesian form :
z  a  ib  x  iy
(real part) (imaginary part)
where a, b are real numbers and
By definition i  1, hence i 2  1
Imaginary Numbers
Since i 2  1 , an imaginary number bi, when squared,
gives a negative value.
2 2 2
Example: (3i )  3  i  9
Note : a  b  ( a)(b)
(imaginary number  imaginary number  positive real number)
Hence, 6  (2)(3)  2  3
6  (6)(1)  6  1  i 6
FHMM1014 Mathematics I i 2  1  1  (1)(1) 60
Square Root of Negative Numbers
2
When i  1  i  1
Therefore, for
x 2  9  32 (1)  32 i 2  (3i) 2
( x  3i)( x  3i )  0 or x 2  9
x   3i  x   9   9 1  3i
i.e., just as every positive number has two square roots,

every negative number has two square roots as well.
Square Root of Negative Numbers
If a > 0, the principal square root of –a is
For example,
a  i a
(i) 3  i 3
(ii) 3  4  3  i 4  3  2i
Example 9
Solve the equation
2
x  3x  6  0
3 15
Ans:   i
2 2
Example 9 Solution
x 2  3x  6  0
2
3  3  4(1)(6) 3  15
x 
2(1) 2
3  i 15 3 15
   i
2 2 2
3 15 3 15
=  i,  i
2 2 2 2
Conjugates
For the complex number z  a  ib , we
define its complex conjugate to be:
z *  a  ib or z  a  ib
* 2 2
z  z  (a  ib)(a  ib)  a  b
Note:  a  ib  a  ib   a 2  iab  iab  i 2b 2  a 2  b 2

Operations of Complex Numbers
Addition:
(a  ib)  (c  id )  (a  c )  i (b  d )  A + i B (Cartesian form)
Subtraction:
(a  ib)  (c  id )  (a  c)  i (b  d )  A + i B (Cartesian form)
Operations of Complex Numbers
Multiplication:
(a  ib)(c  id )  (ac  bd )  i (ad  bc )  A + i B
Division:
(a  ib) (a  ib)(c  id ) (ac  bd )  i (bc  ad )
 
(c  id ) (c  id )(c  id ) c2  d 2
(ac  bd ) (bc  ad )
= 2 2
i 2
c d c  d2
= A + i B (Cartesian form)
Example 10
Express the following in the form of a single complex
number a + ib :
(i) (3  6i )  (6  2i)
(ii) (3  6i )  (6  2i)
(iii) (3  6i)(6  2i)
3  6i
(iv)
1  2i
9 12
Ans: (i) 9  4i (ii)  3  8i (iii) 30  30i (iv)   i
5 5
(i) (3  6i)  (6  2i)  (3  6)  (6  2)i  9  4i
(ii) (3  6i )  (6  2i) 
(iii) (3  6i )(6  2i ) 
3  6i  3  6i  1  2i 
(iv)   
1  2i  1  2i  1  2i 
Equality of Complex Numbers
Two complex numbers are equal when their real
parts are equal and their imaginary parts are
equal.
If a  bi  c  di
then ac and b  d

Square Roots of a Complex Number
How to find x  iy ?
Let the answer be a  ib . Hence
x  iy  a  ib
2 2
x  iy  (a  b )  i (2ab)
x  a2  b2 j
y  2ab k
Equating the real & imaginary parts will produce 2 new
equations. a and b can be obtained by solving these 2
equations.
Example 11
Find the square roots of

(i) 3  4i,
(ii)  6i.
Ans: (i)  2 i (ii)  3 i 3
Example 11 Solution
(i) Let 3  4i  a  ib
3  4i   a  ib    a 2  b 2   i (2ab)
2
a 2  b2  3 j 
  a  2, b  1
2ab  4 k 
3  4i  2 i  2  i, 2  i,  2  i,  2  i
Example 11 Solution
(ii) 6i  a  ib
0  6i  (a 2  b 2 )  i (2ab)
a 2  b 2  0, 2ab  6
 a   3, b   3
6i   3 i 3
Argand Diagram
A complex number a + bi can be represented graphically
in a x-y complex plane as a point (a, b) or a position
vector a, b in an Argand diagram, where the x-axis
denotes the real part a, and the y-axis the imaginary part
b.
a, b
Argand Diagram
The length z
is called the modulus (or absolute value or magnitude) of
the complex number .
z  a  bi
2 2
The angle  | z | a  b
is called the argument of the complex number, and is usually
expressed in radian.
b
1
arg(z )    tan  
a
where tan 1 denotes inverse tangent or arctangent.
Example 12
Graph the complex numbers:
(a) z1  3  4i
(b) z2  6  8i
(c) ( z1  z2 )
Example 12 Solution
( z1  z2 )  (3  4i )  (6  8i )  9  4i
Argument
• The argument of z, denoted

by arg(z), is the angle .
• The principal arguments is
   
• The angle is positive if

counterclockwise and
negative if clockwise.
b
  Arg  z   Arg  a  ib   tan    
1
a
Argument
b
Let   tan 1  
a
 
Quadrant II Quadrant I
z   a  bi
     
         
z  a  bi z  a  bi
Quadrant III Quadrant IV
Example (a): Argument
(1) What is arg(z) if z = 1 + i?
From the diagram,
1| y |
  tan  
 | x | 
1  1  
 tan   
1 4
Example (b): Argument
(2) What is arg(z) if z = 1 + i?

From the diagram,
1| y|
    tan  
 | x | 
1  1 
   tan  
1
3

4
Example (c): Argument
(3) What is arg(z) if z = 1 – i?
From the diagram,
1| y |
   tan  
 | x | 
1  1 
  tan  
1


4
Example (d): Argument
(4) What is arg(z) if z = –1 – i?
From the diagram,
 1  | y |  
      tan   
  | x | 
 1  1  
     tan   
 1
  3
    
 4 4
Example 13
Find the modulus and argument of the complex numbers:
(a) 3  4i
(b) 6  7i
Ans: (a) 5, 0.9273r (b) 9.2195,  0.8622r
(a) | 3  4i | 32  4 2  5
4
  tan    0.9273r
1
3
(b) | 6  7i |

Polar or Trigonometric Form
If θ is the argument of a complex number,
x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ,
where z  x  iy
r  z  x2  y2
1  y
  arg( z )  tan  
x
for     
So, z = r cos θ + ir sin θ
z = r(cos θ + i sin θ)
This is the polar or trigonometric or modulus-argument form of a
complex number.
Example 14
Write these complex numbers, which are in Cartesian
(or rectangular) forms, in polar (or trigonometric)
form.
(i) z  3
(ii) z  6i
(iii) z  3  4i
(iv) z  2 3  2i
Ans: (i) 3  cos( )  i sin( )  (iii) 5 cos(0.2952)  i sin(0.2952) 

       5   5  
(ii) 6 cos    i sin    (iv) 4 cos     i sin    
 2  2    6   6 
Example 14 Solution
(i) z  3
r  z 3
  arg( z )  
z  3  cos()  i sin( ) 
(ii) z  6i
r  z  02  62  6

  arg( z ) 
2
    
z  6 cos    i sin   
 2  2 
(iii) z  3  4i
(iv) z  2 3  2i
Example 15
1 1
(a) Given z    i, find
4 2
i  the modulus of z;
(ii) θ , the argument of z, where  π  θ  π.
(b) Given z1  2  3i and z2  6  8i.

1 3
Express  in the Cartesian form a  bi.
z1 2 z1  z2
5 161 573
Ans: (a) (i) (ii)  0.6476 (b)  i
4 1300 1300
2 2
 1  1 5
(a) (i) z      =
 4  2 4
  4 
(ii)       tan 1        0.3524   0.6476
  2 
1 3
(b)  
z1 2 z1  z2
1.4 Sets
Set
SET = Any collection of objects specified in
such a way that we can tell whether any
given object is or is not in the collection.
Each object in a set is called a member, or element, of

the set. Capital letters are often used to designate
particular sets.
a  A means “ a is an element of set A ”

a  A means “ a is not an element of set A ”
Set
Let set A : { x x is a positive even integer which is
less than 13 }.
 Set A = { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12}
 4  A , 10  A
x  0  x is positive
 9  A , 13  A x  0  x is non-negative
x  0  x is negative
x  0  x is non-positive
Subset
If each element of a set A is also an element of set B,
then A is a subset of B.
If set A and set B have exactly the same elements,
then the two sets are said to be equal.
Notation :
A B means “ A is a subset of B ”
A B means “ A is not a subset of B ”
Universal Set
A set that contains all the elements of the set in a

specific discussion is called the universal set. It is
represented by the notation  .
Empty Set
A set without any elements is called the empty set, or

null set. It is represented by the notation .
Note :  is a subset of every set.
Example 16
If A = { –3, –2, 2, 3 } , B = { 3, –3, –2, 2 } , and
C = { –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3 }.
Indicate whether the following relationships are TRUE
(T) or FALSE (F):-
A B A B BC
AC BC CA
C B  A
BC AC B A
Example 16 Solution
If A = { –3, –2, 2, 3 } , B = { 3, –3, –2, 2 } , and

C = { –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3 }.
Indicate whether the following relationships are TRUE
(T) or FALSE (F):-
A  B (T) A  B (T) B  C (T)
A  C (F) B  C (T) C  A (T)
  C (T)   B (T)   A (F)
B  C (F) A  C (T) B  A (T)
Example 17
(a) Which of the following is False?
(i)   {0} (ii)   {0}
(b) List all the subsets of the set { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.

Example 17 Solution
(a) (i)   {0} is false.
(b) , 1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 1,3,

1, 4, 2,3, 2, 4, 3, 4, 1, 2,3,
1, 2, 4, 1,3, 4, 2,3, 4, 1, 2,3, 4

Operations of Sets
• Union
• Intersection
• Difference
• Complement

Union
The union of sets A and B , denoted by A  B ,
is the set of all elements formed by combining all the
elements of A and all the elements of B into one set.
A  B  { x x  A or x  B }
 x may be an element of set A or set B or both.

Venn Diagram
Union :

A B
A B

Intersection
The intersection of sets A and B , denoted by A  B ,
is the set of elements in set A that are also in set B .
A  B  { x x  A and x  B }
 x is an element of both set A and set B .
If A  B   , the sets A and B are said to be

disjoint or mutually exclusive.
Venn Diagram
Intersection :

A B
A B
Venn Diagram
Intersection : (A and B are mutually exclusive)

A B
A B  

Difference between 2 Sets
The difference between set A and set B, is the set of
elements in set A but not in set B.
A  B  { x x  A but x  B }

Venn Diagram
Difference :

A B
A B
A  B  A  B
Complement
The complement of A , denoted by A or A, is the set
of elements in  that are NOT in A .
A  { x x   , x  A }

Venn Diagram
Complement : A or A

A
A
A  A   or A A  
A  A   or A A  
Examples of Set Relationship
1. A  A  A 2. A  A  A
3. A     4. A    A
5. A     6. A    A
7. A  A   8. A  A  
9. ( A)  A
10. A  B    A  B
11. A  ( A  B )  A
12. A  ( A  B )  A
Example 18
If A = { 2, 4, 6 } , B = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 } ,
C = { 3, 8, 9 } , and  = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}.
Find :-
(i) A B (ii) A B
(iii) B  C (iv) B  C
(v) A (vi) C 

Example 18 Solution
(i) A  B  {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
(ii) A  B  2,4

(iii) B  C  {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9}
(iv) B  C  3
(v) A  {1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9}
(vi) C   {1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7}
Algebraic Laws on Sets
• Commutative law
• Associative law
• Distributive law
• De Morgan’s law

Commutative Law
For any two sets A and B,
A B  B  A
A B  B  A

Associative Law
For any three sets A, B and C,
A  ( B  C )  ( A  B)  C  A  B  C
A  ( B  C )  ( A  B)  C  A  B  C
Note : Association involves only the same set operation.

Distributive Law
For any three sets A, B and C,
A  ( B  C )  ( A  B)  ( A  C )
A  ( B  C )  ( A  B)  ( A  C )

De Morgan’s Laws
For any two sets A and B,
First law :
( A  B )  A  B
Complement of the union is the intersection of the complements.
Second law :
Complement of the intersection is the union of the complements.
( A  B)  A  B
FHMM1014 120
Mathematics I
Example 19
Given that   {x : 20  x  30, x  },
A  {x : x is multiple of 2},
B  {x : x is divisible by 3},
C  {x : difference of the digits of x is more than 2}.
Find: (i) ( A  B ) (ii) B  C

(iii) A  B (iv) AC
(v) ( A  C )  B

Example 19 Solution
  {21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29,30}

A  {22, 24, 26, 28,30}, B  {21, 24, 27,30}
C  {25, 26, 27, 28, 29,30}
(i) (A  B)  23, 25, 29
(ii) B '  C  25, 26, 28, 29
(iii) A  B  21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29
(iv) A  C  26, 28, 30
(v) (A  C )  B  21, 23, 24, 27, 30

Example 20
Given   {x 5  x  10, x  R}
A  {x 1  x  8, x  R}
B  {x 3  x  5, x  R}
C  {x 2  x  7, x  R}
Find, in interval notation, each of the following sets:
(a) A  B  C (b) A  B
(c ) ( A  B )  C (d ) ( B  C )  A
(e) ( A  C )  B 
Ans: (a) 3,8 (b) 5,8 (c) 5, 7  (d) 2,1 (e) 5, 7 
Example 20 Solution
  5,10  , A  1,8 , B  3,5  , C  2, 7 
(a ) A  B  C  3,8
(b) A  B  5,8
(c) ( A  B )  C  5, 7 
(d ) ( B  C )  A  2,1
(e) ( A  C )  B  5, 7 
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Centre For Foundation Studies

Department of Sciences and Engineering

1.2 Indices and Logarithms

1.3 Complex Numbers

A real number is any number that has a decimal

2.005, 0.333..., 0.1234, , 9

* Multiplication : a (bc)  ( ab)c

(a) x 2 ( x  y )  x 2  x  x 2  y Distributive law

(ii) Graph each set.

(i) (a) [1, 8)  {x :  1  x  8}  

(b) [2.5, 8]  {x : 2.5  x  8}  

(c) (3, )  {x : x  3}

(b) (1,3)  [2,8] 

For any positive real number a,

Ans: (i) 2,  43 (ii)  2

• The number a is called the base and

Note : Both bases must be the same!!

Ans: (a) 4 (b) 11

Solve the equation

It is often referred to as the exponential

Ans: 7.3891, 1.4523, 44.7012

Generally, the graph of y  log a x :

(i) log a  xy   log a x  log a y

Solve the equations

Note : log10 x  log x  lg x

Solve the equation below:

By definition i  1, hence i 2  1

i.e., just as every positive number has two square roots,

Note:  a  ib  a  ib   a 2  iab  iab  i 2b 2  a 2  b 2

(a  ib)  (c  id )  (a  c )  i (b  d )  A + i B (Cartesian form)

(a  ib)  (c  id )  (a  c)  i (b  d )  A + i B (Cartesian form)

(a  ib)(c  id )  (ac  bd )  i (ad  bc )  A + i B

(i) (3  6i)  (6  2i)  (3  6)  (6  2)i  9  4i

then ac and b  d

Find the square roots of

Ans: (i)  2 i (ii)  3 i 3

• The argument of z, denoted

(2) What is arg(z) if z = 1 + i?

Find the modulus and argument of the complex numbers:

Ans: (a) 5, 0.9273r (b) 9.2195,  0.8622r

Ans: (i) 3  cos( )  i sin( )  (iii) 5 cos(0.2952)  i sin(0.2952) 

(b) Given z1  2  3i and z2  6  8i.

Each object in a set is called a member, or element, of

a  A means “ a is an element of set A ”

A B means “ A is not a subset of B ”

A set that contains all the elements of the set in a

A set without any elements is called the empty set, or

Note :  is a subset of every set.

If A = { –3, –2, 2, 3 } , B = { 3, –3, –2, 2 } , and

(b) List all the subsets of the set { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.

FHMM1014 Mathematics I 101

(a) (i)   {0} is false.

(b) , 1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 1,3,

FHMM1014 Mathematics I 102

FHMM1014 Mathematics I 103

 x may be an element of set A or set B or both.

FHMM1014 Mathematics I 104