BIOLOGY

Tr Sabe Win
 CHAPTER 2
Life Functions and Energy Intake
Content

⮚ Photosynthesis
⮚ Respiration
⮚ Fermentation
 Photosynthesis
● The process of converting light energy
into food (chemical energy) is called
photosynthesis
● chemical reaction that takes place in the
cells of plants’ leaves
● Green plants, some algae, and some
bacteria use energy from sunlight to
make food in a process called
photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis in plants takes place in their cells in specialized structures
called chloroplasts.

Chloroplasts consist of 3 membrane system,

1. inner membranes,
2. outer membranes, and
3. thylakoid membranes.

Filling the space between these membranes is a high-protein fluid

substance called stroma
 Process of Photosynthesis

➢ Carbondioxide enters cells through stomata (tiny holes) in the leaf

➢ Water absorbed by the plant’s roots from the soil
➢ When light energy enters the cells, carbon dioxide and water react in
structures called chloroplasts which contain chlorophyll (green
pigment) to absorb light energy
➢ Products are glucose (sugar) and oxygen (by-product)
Photosynthesis can be summarized in the
chemical equation shown below:

sunlight

chlorophyll
 Respiration

• Although organisms get energy from food, the energy is not in a

form their cells can use. Cells use a process called respiration to
convert the energy from food into a usable form
• Respiration occurs in two stages,
● First, glucose from food enters the cell and is broken down
into smaller molecules. This process releases a small amount
of energy for the cell to use
● Next, the smaller molecules react with oxygen inside the cell’s
mitochondria. This reaction produces carbon dioxide, water,
and a large amount of energy

how photosynthesis takes place in plants & Process Of Photosynthesis (animated) - Bing video
The equation accompanying the diagram summarizes the respiration
reaction.
 Fermentation
• Cellular respiration requires oxygen
• When oxygen is not available, some cells can turn to fermentation, an
alternate method for converting energy
• The fermentation process releases only a small amount of energy
• For example, when you exercise, the cells use energy faster than oxygen
can be delivered. The muscles cells temporarily switch to fermentation
so they will continue to have at least a small supply of energy. This lets
your muscle cells keep working until the oxygen supply is restored.
EXERCISE 1

Directions: Choose the best answer for each of the following items.

Question 1 is based on the following passage.

The owner of a small freshwater aquarium notices bubbles rising from the leaves of one of
the aquatic plants. She researches the process of photosynthesis in aquatic plants and makes
more observations. She concludes that the bubbles are oxygen gas.
1. Which statement supports her conclusion?
A. Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts of leaf cells.
B. Leaves use oxygen to make glucose during photosynthesis.
C. Plants absorb carbon dioxide and water for photosynthesis.
D. Leaves release oxygen as they make glucose during photosynthesis.
2. Determine whether the process is respiration or fermentation and

write the correct response in the blank.

a) _________________________ provides a lot of energy.
b) _________________________ needs oxygen.
c) _________________________ provides a little energy.
d) _________________________ does not need oxygen.
3. Which of the following are the products of cellular respiration?
A. glucose and light energy
B. carbon dioxide and oxygen
C. glucose, oxygen, and energy

D. carbon dioxide, water, and energy

4. A horticulturist wants to grow large, healthy plants by maximizing the rate
of photosynthesis. Which of the following actions would be most likely to get
the results she wants?
A. increasing the amount of light the plants receive each day
B. increasing the amount of oxygen the plants receive each day
C. decreasing the amount of oxygen the plants receive each day
D. decreasing the amount of carbon dioxide the plants receive each day
● All cells need energy to carry out the life functions
● Green plants, some algae, and some bacteria (cyanaobacteria or blue-green
algae) use energy from sunlight to make food in a process called
photosynthesis.
● In photosynthesis, plants use light energy to form glucose from carbon
dioxide and water. Oxygen is a by-product.
● In cellular respiration, glucose is broken down in the presence of oxygen to
release energy. Carbon dioxide is a by-product.
● These two processes help maintain oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the
atmosphere