UNIT 8

LIFE IN THE FUTURE

E. LANGUAGE FOCUS
I. Pronunciation
Contracted forms of auxiliaries
Full forms Contracted forms
Full forms Contracted forms

I have I’ve I have not I haven’t

You have You’ve You have not You haven’t
She has She’s She has not She hasn’t
He has He’s He has not He hasn’t
It has It’s It has not It hasn’t
 Contracted forms of auxiliaries

Full forms Contracted forms

Full forms Contracted forms

I have I’ve I have not I haven’t

You have You’ve You have not You haven’t
She has She’s She has not She hasn’t
He has He’s He has not He hasn’t
It has It’s It has not It hasn’t
 Practise reading these sentences
• I’ve got something for you.
• You’ve got something for me?
• We’ve failed and they’ve passed.
• Haven’t you? You’ve not been here long, of
course.
• I haven’t. but I’ve grown to love it already.
• He’s left, and she’s gone to work, too.
• Hasn’t the doctor come yet?
-No. The doctor hasn’t been called.
 II. Grammar Prepositions and articles
1. Prepositions.
a. Prepositions of time: at, on, in
Ex: at 10:30,
at 5:00 o’clock
“at” is used in idioms
at night, at noon….
at that moment/time
at the same time
at the end of
……
 on
“on” is used before days
Ex: On Monday
On Tuesday
On Wednesday
….
“on” is also used in idioms
Ex: On 10th october
On Easter day
On new year day
On time….
 in
We use “in” before months, years,
century…
Ex:
In January, In February, In March
….
In1999, In 2008
…
In 21st century
 “in” is also used in idioms

Ex: in the day, in the night, in the morning, in

time, in summer, in the past….
 b. Prepositions of places:
IN ON

NEXT TO

UNDER
The bird is on the tree
The bird is under the tree
The elephant is standing near the tree
The bird flies over the tree
The elephant is standing between the trees
The elephant is standing between the trees
The dog is running behind the cat
The cat is on the computer
The cat is next to the computer
The cat is behind the computer
Prepositions are used with some verbs

Believe in, insist on, warn about, consist of, prevent from,
congratulate on, look after, die of, apologise for, look forward to,
think of/ about, make of/ from….
 Prepositions are used with some
adjectives.
• interested in, afraid of, tired of, ashamed of,
successful in, similar to, different from good
at, famous for…
 Exersice1:Choosing the appropriate
prepositions.
1. Luckily, you are …..
in time for the meeting.
A. in b. on c. at
of
2. Many people are dying …..various types of
cancer.
A. of b. by c. on
3. I will not be here next week. I am going to
be on
…..business in Mexico.
A. on b. in c. of
4. ….the end of the book, they get married and
live happily ever after.
B.
A. In
At C. On
5. Thank you for everything you’ve done. You are
a true friend ….me.
A. of B. to C. in
6. I can’t believe… you. You always let me down.
A. in B. to C. at
7. I have warned you …. the difficulties you have
to face when applying for the job.
A. on B. about C. to
8. Britney Spears is famous… her beautiful face
and sweet voice.
A. by B. for C. of
9. The bookshop is…. The chemist’s and the
butcher’s and ……the library.
A. among/opposite
B.between/opposite
C. between/ across
10. Next year, I’m going to get married…. John
and we are going to move to Bristol.

A. to B. with C. for
 2. The articles.
Indefinite articles and definite articles.
Look at the following sentence and compare the
use of a, an and the:
An old man and a young girl are sitting
opposite me. The old man is French and the
young girl is English.
Yesterday I bought an English book and a
literature book. The English book is
interesting but the literature one is boring
 @ An indefinite article (English a, an) is
used before singular nouns that refer to any
member of a group.
+ A is used before a consonant.
Example:
a bird

A computer
+ An is used before a vowel

Example: An apple

An orange

An old man
 An umbrella

A university
 Definite article: The
 The definite article: the
"The" is used with singular , plural
nouns ,countable and uncountable nouns
when the noun is specific.
• The Prime Minister of the UK.
• Can you pass me the sugar that’s on the
table?
• The cars outside my home are blocking
my driveway
 a. When it is clear which thing or person we are
talking about.

Ex: The war between the two countries lasted for 6 weeks.
(We know which war)
b. When we refer to sth that we mentioned before.
Ex: We saw a good film before. It was the new film by Tim
Burton.
c. With phrases including of…
Ex: The film was about the love of a girl for her cat.
o the United States of America
o the University of Minnesota
o the International Swimming Hall of Fame
•  When there is only one of something: the moon , the
earth, the sun, the board….
• Ex: How many astronauts have landed on the moon?
• e. For nationalities /a group/whole class.

• Ex: The old, the sick need special care.

• Ex: I really admire the Italians.
• Ex: The dog is a faithful animal. (Refers to the whole
species of dog.)
• Ex: The English are industrious. (Refers to the people of
England as a nation)
• Ex: The honest are respected. (The+ adjective = plural
noun)
 Use ‘the’ before geographical places :

-Names of oceans, gulfs, seas, and rivers: the

Pacific, the Atlantic,… the Coral Sea, the Timor
Sea, the Persian Gulf, the Nile, The Amazon,
the Thames, the Mississippi etc.
-Names of countries when these are in plural or
when they contain a noun like Republic,
Kingdom: the United States of America (the
USA), the UK, the Dominican Republic, the
Philippines, etc.
III. Zero article:

•With plurals and uncountable nouns to talk generally.

Ex: Dogs are not allowed in this shop. (dogs in general).

Ex: The dogs next door bark all night. (some particular dogs).
Ex: Milk is good for you.
-With most countries , states and cities,
continents.
-Names of countries: Australia, Bolivia,
England, France, Spain, etc.
-Names of states, cities, or towns: Los
Angeles, Alaska, Sydney, London,
-Names of streets: George street, Albion
Street, New town street,
-Names of continents: Asia, Europe, Australia,
Africa, South America, North America,
Antarctica.
@ Put a/an, the, Ø bin each space to complete the
following sentences.
1. We went by ……train to the west of England.
2. …….people who live in……. Scotland are
called….Scots.
3. ……Collumbus was one of ……first people to
cross…..Atlantic.
4. Davis learn to play…….violin when he was at
…..unirversity.
5. Did you read ……book I lent you …….last
week?
6. Is that …..present Bill gave you for
…….Christmas?
7. …...computer has already changed………..our
life drammaticlly.
8. There was …..accident yesterday at
…….corner of ……strees.
9. I need …….time to thank about…….offer you
gave me.
10. ……….little knowledge is ……dangerous
thing.