Instrumentation & Measurements

Ruqia Ikram

Institute of Space Technology (IST) Fall, 2021

1
 Module 7
Manipulating, and
Compensating Devices Data-
Acquisition Systems

2
Manipulating, and Compensating Devices Data-
Acquisition Systems
 Bridge Circuits
 Amplifiers
 Alternating-to-Direct and Direct-to-Alternating Current Devices
 Filters
 Data-Acquisition Systems DAS

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Bridge Circuits

 It is electronic circuit consisting of four arms and four nodes arranged

in predefined manner.
 Unknown parameter can be measured at any of its arm.
Types
AC bridges
DC bridges

 When voltage across CD is zero, bridge is balanced.

Applying Kirchhoff voltage rule

=

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Bridge Circuits

In case of complex impedance

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 Amplifiers
Amplifier has three main properties: Input resistance, Gain, Output
resistance.
Types
 Voltage Amplifier
 Current Amplifier
 Transresistance Amplifier
 Transconductance Amplifier
Transfer characteristic of voltage amplifier

and output and input voltage of amplifier

voltage gain factor
Similarly in current amplifier

and output and input current of ampifier

current gain factor
Gain factor may be positive or negative

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 Amplifiers

Voltage Amplifier
If input and output is voltage

open-circuit voltage gain factor

For ideal case, and

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 Amplifiers

Current Amplifier
If input and output is current

short-circuit current gain factor

For ideal case, and

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 Amplifiers
Transresistance Amplifier
If input is current and output is voltage

For ideal case, and

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 Amplifiers
Transconductance Amplifier
If input is voltage and output is current

For ideal case, and

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Alternating-to-Direct and Direct-to-Alternating
Current Devices
AC-to-DC Converters
 AC/DC converters serve as rectifier.
Types
 Uncontrolled rectifiers (diodes)
 Controlled rectifiers (thyristors , transistors)
Uncontrolled rectifier provides fixed d.c output voltage whereas in controlled
rectifier d.c output voltage can be adjusted.

Uncontrolled rectifiers
 Half wave rectifier
 Full wave rectifier
 Bridge rectifier

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Alternating-to-Direct and Direct-to-Alternating
Current Devices
AC-to-DC Converters

Controlled rectifiers
 Single phase half wave controlled rectifier
 Single phase full wave controlled rectifier
 Three phase controlled rectifier

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Alternating-to-Direct and Direct-to-Alternating
Current Devices
Half wave rectifier
A half wave rectifier is defined as a type of rectifier that only allows one half-
cycle of an AC voltage waveform to pass, blocking the other half-cycle.

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Alternating-to-Direct and Direct-to-Alternating
Current Devices
Full wave rectifier
A full wave rectifier is defined as a type of rectifier that converts both halves of
each cycle of an alternating wave (AC signal) into a pulsating DC signal.

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Alternating-to-Direct and Direct-to-Alternating
Current Devices
Bridge rectifier
In Full Wave Bridge Rectifier, an ordinary transformer is used in place of a
center-tapped transformer. The circuit forms a bridge connecting the four
diodes D1, D2, D3, and D4. 

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Alternating-to-Direct and Direct-to-Alternating
Current Devices
Single-phase half wave controlled rectifiers

 The single-phase half-wave controlled rectifier uses a single thyristor with a

load.
 In a positive half cycle of source voltage, thyristor is forward biased and
when gate current is applied to the gate terminal at firing angle α then
thyristor starts to conduct. The output voltage will appear.
 In a negative half cycle thyristor is reverse biased and output voltage is
zero during this period. Therefore, by changing the value of firing angle (α)
the output voltage can be controlled.

(1+cosα)
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Alternating-to-Direct and Direct-to-Alternating
Current Devices
Single-phase full wave controlled rectifiers
A single-phase full wave controlled rectifier with two natural commutated
thyristors. The average value of the output voltage vo can be controlled by
varying the conduction time of thyristors or firing delay angle, α.

2Vm
Vo ( average )  (1  cos  )

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 Alternating-to-Direct and Direct-to-Alternating
Current Devices
Three phase controlled rectifiers
Three single phase controlled rectifiers are connected together to form three
phase controlled rectifier.

Three phase half wave controlled rectifier Three phase full wave controlled rectifier

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Alternating-to-Direct and Direct-to-Alternating
Current Devices
DC-to-AC Converter (Inverter)
A dc-ac converter is also known as an inverter.
Types
 Single-phase inverters
 Half Bridge Inverter
 Full Bridge Inverter

 Three-phase inverters
 180-degree mode
 120-degree mode

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Alternating-to-Direct and Direct-to-Alternating
Current Devices
Single-phase half bridge inverter
This type of inverter is the basic building block of a full bridge inverter. It
contains two switches and each of its switches has a voltage output equal to .
In addition, the switches complement each other, that is, if one is switched ON
the other one goes OFF.

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Alternating-to-Direct and Direct-to-Alternating
Current Devices
Single phase full bridge inverter
If transistors M1 and M2 conduct for one half of a period and M3 and M4
conduct for the other half, the output voltage is of the alternating form. The
output voltage can be controlled by varying the conduction time of transistors.

4Vs
Vo1( rms  fundamental )   0.90VS
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Alternating-to-Direct and Direct-to-Alternating
Current Devices
Three phase inverter
A three-phase inverter converts a DC input into a three-phase AC output. Its
three arms are normally delayed by an angle of 120° so as to generate a
three-phase AC supply. Switching occurs after every T/6 of the time T.

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Filters

 Filter is a circuit capable of passing certain frequencies while attenuating

other frequencies.
 Filter can extract important frequencies from signals that also contain
undesirable or irrelevant frequencies.
 For e.g. Radio communication, DC power supplies.

Types
Based on construction
Active Filters
Passive Filters

Based on frequency response

Low pass filters
High pass filters
Band pass filters
Band reject/notch filters

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Filters

Active filters
 Op-amps, resistors, capacitors
 Suitable for low frequencies

Passive filters
 Resistors, capacitors, inductors
 Suitable for high frequencies

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 Data-Acquisition Systems DAS

 Data Acquisition is the process to measure an electrical or physical

phenomenon such as voltage, current, temperature, force etc. with
computer.
 DAS mainly consists of
 Transducer
 Signal Conditioning (amplification, filtering, isolation)
 Analog to digital conversion
 Process, analyze, store and display the acquire data

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