digestive system

Disorder
 Review: Introduction to the Digestive System

• The digestive tract includes the digestive tract and its accessory organs, which process food into molecules that can
be absorbed and utilized by the cells of the body.
• Food undergoes three types of processes in the body: digestion, absorption, and elimination.
• The digestive system prepares nutrients for utilization by body cells through six activities, or functions: ingestion,
mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, movements, absorption, and elimination.
• The wall of the digestive tract has four layers or tunics: mucosa, submucosa, muscular layer, and serous layer or
serosa.
• Regions of the digestive system can be divided into two main parts: alimentary tract and accessory organs.
• The alimentary tract of the digestive system is composed of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and
large intestines, rectum and anus.
• Associated with the alimentary tract are the following accessory organs: salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and
pancreas.
 digestive system common
manifestations

• irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

• small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO)
• gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
• gallstones
• celiac disease
• Crohn’s disease
• ulcerative colitis (UC)
Basic Diagnostic Tests
• Clinical examination
• Blood test
• Stool analysis
• Renal function test
• Endoscopy
• Abdominal ultrasound, CT scan and MRI
• Barium X-ray
• Manometry
• pH Monitoring
lower gastrointestinal tract disorders

• Anal fissure, abscess, and fistula

• Anemia
• Colon polyps
• Colon cancer
• Constipation
• Crohn’s disease
• Diarrhea
• Diverticulosis and diverticulitis
• Hemorrhoids
• Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
• Rectal bleeding
• Ulcerative colitis
Upper GI Tract Disorder
• The upper GI tract is made up of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and duodenum (the first part of the
small intestine). When we eat, the food and liquid travels from our throat through our esophagus to our
stomach.
• The valve at the base of the esophagus, known as the lower esophageal sphincter, prevents food and
stomach acids from flowing back up into our esophagus. The food you ate begins to digest and turns into a
liquid in your stomach.
• (If the sphincter suddenly fails, it can allow food to flow back upward into the esophagus. This causes acid
reflux.)
• After that, it travels from your stomach to the duodenum, where bile and digestive enzymes – which are
produced by the gallbladder (with assistance from the liver and pancreas) – further break down the
liquefied food. This is how your body is able to absorb the nutrients.
• When there are issues with the upper GI tract, symptoms can include gas, bloating, stomach pain, and
heartburn. These symptoms can be quite unpleasant, but can also be a sign of a more serious underlying
condition.
Liver and Pancreas Disorders
Disorders and conditions of the liver and pancreas Common symptoms of a liver or pancreatic disorder
include: include:
• Acute and chronic pancreatitis • Abdominal pain
• Cirrhosis • Back pain
• Fatty liver disease (steatohepatitis) • Bloating
• Liver failure • Cholestasis. Bile flow is reduced or stopped.
• Liver tumors • Clay-colored stool
• Pancreatic cancer • Dark urine
• Hepatitis