Operating Systems

Lecture 1
Introduction

Read: Chapter 1

Operating System Concepts 1.1 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002

Modified for CSCI 399, Royden, 2005
 Course Web Page

The course webpage is located at:

http://mathcs.holycross.edu/~csci346

This page contains useful course information, lecture slides,

homework assignments, etc.

Refer to it often.

Operating System Concepts 1.2 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002

Modified for CSCI 399, Royden, 2005
 What is an Operating System?

 A program that acts as an intermediary between a user

of a computer and the computer hardware.
 Operating system goals:
 Execute user programs and make solving user problems easier.
 Make the computer system convenient to use.
 Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner.

 There are many variations on how to do this. The

operating system design depends on the system and
goals for its use.

Operating System Concepts 1.3 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002

Modified for CSCI 399, Royden, 2005
 Computer System Components

1. Hardware – provides basic computing resources

(CPU, memory, I/O devices).
2. Operating system – controls and coordinates the use
of the hardware among the various application
programs for the various users.
3. Applications programs – define the ways in which
the system resources are used to solve the computing
problems of the users (compilers, database systems,
video games, business programs).
4. Users (people, machines, other computers).

Operating System Concepts 1.4 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002

Modified for CSCI 399, Royden, 2005
 Abstract View of System Components

Operating System Concepts 1.5 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002

Modified for CSCI 399, Royden, 2005
 Goals for An Operating System

User View:
Ease of use
Good performance
Resource allocation (if multiple users)

System View:
Allocate resources (CPU time, Memory space, file storage
space, I/O devices).
Manage resources in the face of many, potentially
conflicting requests.
Act as a Control Program:
Manage execution of user programs
Operate and control I/O devices.

Operating System Concepts 1.6 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002

Modified for CSCI 399, Royden, 2005
 Competing Goals

Goals for an Operating System:

1) Convenience for the user (especially for PC's)
2) Efficient operation (especially with multi-user systems)

There may be a trade-off between these goals

Evolution of operating systems focused first on efficiency.

Much of Operating Systems theory concentrates on optimal use

of resources.

Operating System Concepts 1.7 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002

Modified for CSCI 399, Royden, 2005
 Operating System Definitions

 Resource allocator – manages and allocates

resources.
 Control program – controls the execution of user
programs and operations of I/O devices .
 Kernel – the one program running at all times (all
else being application programs).

Operating System Concepts 1.8 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002

Modified for CSCI 399, Royden, 2005
 Mainframe Systems--Batch Processing
Early computers (mainframes) were large and run from a
console
I/0 consisted of card readers, line printers, tape drives, etc.
Users did not interact directly with the computer:
The user submits the job to the operator
The operator runs the job on the computer and delivers
the output to the user (sometimes days later!).
The output consisted of the output of the program plus a
dump of the contents of core memory for debugging.
Jobs with similar needs were batched together to increase
the efficiency of processing.
Problem: CPU was often idle. (I/O devices very slow
compared to the CPU speed)
Operating System Concepts 1.9 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002
Modified for CSCI 399, Royden, 2005
 Memory Layout for a Simple Batch System

Operating System Concepts 1.10 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002

Modified for CSCI 399, Royden, 2005
 Multiprogrammed Batch Systems

A single user cannot keep the CPU

and I/O busy all the time.

Multiprogramming increases the

CPU use by having several jobs in
memory at once.

When one job has to wait (e.g. for

I/O) the CPU switches to another
job.

Operating System Concepts 1.11 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002

Modified for CSCI 399, Royden, 2005
 OS Features Needed for Multiprogramming

In multiprogramming systems, the operating system must

make decisions for the user:

 The OS chooses which jobs (in the job pool) are loaded
into memory (job scheduling).
 The system must allocate the memory to several jobs
(memory management).
 The system must choose among several jobs ready to
run (CPU scheduling).
 The system must allocate devices among jobs.
 The system must make sure jobs don't affect one
another.

Operating System Concepts 1.12 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002

Modified for CSCI 399, Royden, 2005
 Time-Sharing Systems–Interactive Computing

 Time-sharing uses CPU scheduling and multiprogramming to

provide each user with a small share of the computing power.
 The CPU is multiplexed among several jobs that are kept in
memory and on disk
 The switches between jobs occur frequently, so that users can
interact with each program as it is running.
Processes:
 A process is a program that is loaded into memory and
executing.
 A typical process executes for only a short time before
finishing or requiring I/O (waiting).
 I/O is slow, so the operating system can switch to the program
of another user while waiting.
Operating System Concepts 1.13 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002
Modified for CSCI 399, Royden, 2005
 Desktop Systems

 Personal computers – computer system dedicated to a

single user.
 I/O devices – keyboards, mice, display screens, small
printers.
 Try to maximize user convenience and responsiveness.
 Often individuals have sole use of computer and do not
need advanced CPU utilization of protection features.
 Can adopt technology developed for larger operating
system.
 May run several different types of operating systems
(Windows, MacOS, UNIX, Linux)

Operating System Concepts 1.14 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002

Modified for CSCI 399, Royden, 2005
 Parallel Systems

 Multiprocessor systems with more than on CPU in

close communication.
 Tightly coupled system – processors share memory and
a clock; communication usually takes place through the
shared memory.
 Advantages of parallel system:
 Increased throughput
 Economical
 Increased reliability
 graceful degradation
 fail-soft systems

Operating System Concepts 1.15 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002

Modified for CSCI 399, Royden, 2005
 Parallel Systems (Cont.)

 Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP)

 Each processor runs an identical copy of the operating
system.
 Many processes can run at once without performance
deterioration.
 Most modern operating systems support SMP
 Asymmetric multiprocessing
 Each processor is assigned a specific task; master processor
schedules and allocated work to slave processors.
 More common in extremely large systems

Operating System Concepts 1.16 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002

Modified for CSCI 399, Royden, 2005
 Symmetric Multiprocessing Architecture

Operating System Concepts 1.17 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002

Modified for CSCI 399, Royden, 2005
 Migration of Operating-System Concepts and Features

Operating System Concepts 1.18 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002

Modified for CSCI 399, Royden, 2005