Research

M ethodology

Presented by: Ms. Alyssa Nicole P. Guingab, RPm

 TO PICS
Research design,
Sampling technique,
Research
instrument,
Method of data
analysis
RESEARCH DESIGN

Research design is the framework of research methods and techniques chosen by a

researcher. The design allows researchers to hone in on research methods that are
suitable for the subject matter and set up their studies up for success.
Accurate purpose Techniques to be The method applied for
statement implemented for collecting analyzing collected details
and analyzing research

Type of research Probable objections for Settings for the research

methodology research study

Timeline Measurement of analysis

 Neutrality

Characteristics of
Reliabilit
Research Design
y
Validity

Generalizatio
n
 2 main classifications of
research

Qualitative Quantitative
Qualitative data describes Quantitative data are used when
qualities or characteristics. a researcher is trying to quantify
a problem, or address the "what"
It is collected using
or "how many" aspects of a
questionnaires, interviews,
research question. It is data that
or observation, and can either be counted or
frequently appears in compared on a numeric scale.
narrative form.
 Types of Quantitative
Research
DESCRIPTIV CORRELATION A
E RESEARCH L RESEARCH
Descriptive research is Correlational research is
research designed to research designed to
provide a snapshot of the discover relationships
current state of affairs. among variables and to
allow the prediction of future
events from present
knowledge.
EX PERIM EN TA
L RESEARCH
Experimental research is
research in which initial
equivalence among research
participants in more than one
group is created, followed by
a manipulation of a given
experience for these groups
and a measurement of the
influence of the manipulation.
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH

Descriptive research is designed to create a snapshot of the current thoughts, feelings,

or behavior of individuals. This section reviews three types of descriptive research: case
studies, surveys, and naturalistic observation
 To create a snapshot of the
current state of affairs

Provides a relatively complete

DESCRIPTIV picture of what is occurring at a
E RESEARCH given time. Allows the
development of questions for
further study.

Does not assess relationships

among variables. May be
unethical if participants do not
know they are being
observed.
3 types of Descriptive
Research
Case studies
descriptive records of one or
more individual’s
experiences and behaviour.
Survey Naturalistic
a measure administered
through either an interview
or a written questionnaire to
obser va tion
get a picture of the beliefs or is research based on the
behaviors of a sample of observation of everyday
people of interest. The events.
people chosen to participate
in the research
DESCRIPTIV numbers that CENTRAL the point in the
E summarize the TEN DEN C distribution around
STATISTICS distribution of scores Y which the data are
on a measured centered — and its
variable. dispersion, or spread.

ARITHM ETI the most commonly

C MEAN used measure of
central tendency.
CO RRELATION A
L RESEARCH

Correlational research involves the measurement of two or more relevant variables

and an assessment of the relationship between or among those variables.
 To assess the relationships
between and among two or
more variables

Allows testing of expected

CORRELATION A relationships between and among
variables and the making of
L RESEARCH predictions. Can assess these
relationships in everyday life
events.

Cannot be used to draw

inferences about the causal
relationships between and
among the variables.
Scatterplot
Scatter plot is a visual image of the relationship
between two variables. A point is plotted for
each individual at the intersection of his or her
scores for the two variables.
When the association between the variables on
the scatter plot can be easily approximated with
a straight line, as in parts and the variables are
said to have a linear relationship.
 PEARSON CORRELATION
The most common statistical measure COEFFICIENT
of the strength of linear relationships
among variables is the Pearson
correlation coefficient, which is
symbolized by the letter r.
The value of the correlation coefficient
ranges from r = –1.00 to r = +1.00.
A positive correlation is a relationship
between two variables in which both
variables move in the same direction.
A negative correlation is a relationship
between two variables in which an
increase in one variable is associated
with a decrease in the other.
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

The goal of experimental research design is to provide more definitive conclusions

about the causal relationships among the variables in the research hypothesis than is
available from correlational designs.
 To assess the causal impact of
one or more experimental
manipulations on a dependent
variable

EX PERIM EN TA Allows drawing of conclusions

L RESEARCH about the causal relationships
among variables.

Cannot experimentally
manipulate many important
variables. May be expensive
and time consuming.
The Variables
Independent
Variable
The independent variable in
an experiment is the causing
variable that is created
(manipulated) by the
experimenter.
Dependent
Variable
The dependent variable in an
experiment is a measured
variable that is expected to
be influenced by the
experimental manipulation.
 AN OV A
Analysis of Variance
The ANOVA test allows a comparison
of more than two groups at the same
time to determine whether a
relationship exists between them.
The result of the ANOVA formula, the F
statistic (also called the F-ratio), allows
for the analysis of multiple groups of
data to determine the variability
between samples and within samples.
ONE-WAY ANOVA
A one-way ANOVA evaluates the impact of a sole factor on a sole response variable. It
determines whether all the samples are the same.
The one-way ANOVA is used to determine whether there are any statistically significant
differences between the means of three or more independent (unrelated) groups.

TWO-WAY ANOVA
A two-way ANOVA is an extension of the one-way ANOVA. With a one-way, you have one
independent variable affecting a dependent variable. With a two-way ANOVA, there are two
independents.
For example, a two-way ANOVA allows a company to compare worker productivity based on
two independent variables, such as salary and skill set. It is utilized to observe the interaction
between the two factors and tests the effect of two factors at the same time.
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

Sampling is a method that allows researchers to infer information about a population

based on results from a subset of the population, without having to investigate every
individual.
PRO BABILIT
Y PRO BABILIT
SAMPLING
In probability (random)
sampling, you start with a
complete sampling frame of
all eligible individuals from
which you select your
sample.
NON-
Y
In non-probability (non-
random) sampling, you do
not start with a complete
sampling frame, so some
individuals have no chance
of being selected.
SIMPLE In this case each individual is
chosen entirely by chance and
RANDOM each member of the population
SAMPLIN has an equal chance, or
probability, of being selected.
G interest to vary between the
SYSTEMATI Individuals are selected at
regular intervals from the
C sampling frame. For example,
SAMPLING if you wanted a sample size of
100 from a population of 1000,
select every 1000/100 = 10th
member of the sampling
frame.
STRATIFIE In this method, the population is
first divided into subgroups who
D all share a similar characteristic. It
SAMPLING is used when we might reasonably
expect the measurement of
different subgroups, and we want
to ensure representation from all
the subgroups.
CLUSTERE In a clustered sample,
subgroups of the population
D are used as the sampling unit,
SAMPLING rather than individuals. The
population is divided into
subgroups, known as clusters,
which are randomly selected to
be included in the study.
CO NV ENIENC Convenience sampling is
perhaps the easiest method of
E SAMPLING sampling, because participants
are selected based on
availability and willingness to
take part.
QUOTA This method of sampling is
often used by market
SAMPLIN researchers. Interviewers are
G given a quota of subjects of a
specified type to attempt to
recruit.
JUDGEMENT Also known as selective, or
subjective, sampling, this
(OR technique relies on the
PURPO SIV E judgement of the researcher
when choosing who to ask to
) participate.
SAMPLING
SNO WBALL This method is commonly
used in social sciences when
SAMPLING investigating hard-to-reach
groups. Existing subjects are
asked to nominate further
subjects known to them, so the
sample increases in size like a
rolling snowball.
 RESEA RC
What is a
research
instrument?
H
A Research Instrument is a tool used
to collect, measure, and analyze data
INSTRUMEN
related to your research interests.
These tools are most commonly T
used in health sciences, social
sciences, and education to assess
patients, clients, students, teachers,
staff, etc. A research instrument can
include interviews, tests, surveys, or
checklists.
1.Select a topic
2. Formulate a thesis statement
3. Choose the types of analyses
4. Research and write a literature review
5. Formulate the research questions
6. Conceptualize a topic, refine thesis
7.Choose research method and research
instrument
8.Operationalize concepts construct
instruments
9. Formulate the data collection strategy
10. Perform a pilot study
11.Collect data
12. Prepare the data for processing &
analysis
13. Process & analyze data
14. Interpret & make inferences about data
15.Write the research paper
16. Publish data

Interviews
Interviews or the interaction
where verbal questions are
posed by an interviewer to
elicit verbal responses from
an interviewee.
Types of Research
Instrument
Observation Survey
Observation (watching what Survey research
people do) is a type of encompasses any
correlational (non- measurement procedures
experimental) method where that involve asking
researchers observe questions of respondents.
ongoing behavior
STRUCTURE UNSTRUCTURE NO N-
D D INTERVIEW: DIRECTIV E
INTERVIEW:
A formal set of questions A less formal set of INTERVIEW:
posed to each interviewee questions; the interviewer An unguided interview,
and recorded using a modifies the sequence and including open-ended
standardized procedure. wording of questions. questions and use of
spontaneous engagement.
FOCUS FOCUS
INTERV IEW GROUP
:An emphasis on the INTERVIEW:
interviewees subjective and A group of selected
personal responses where participants are asked about
the interviewer engages to their opinion or perceptions
elicit more information. concerning a particular
topic.
STRUCTURED
O BSERV A TIO NS
:Research conducted at a
specific place, time, where
participants are observed in
a standardised procedure.
NATURALISTIC
O BSERV ATIO N
: :
The study the spontaneous
behavior of participants in
natural surroundings. The
researcher simply records
what they see in whatever
way they see it.
PARTICIPANT
O BSERV ATIO N
A variation on natural
observations where the
researcher joins in and
becomes part of the group
they are studying to get a
deeper insight into their
lives.
FREE-ANSWER
Also referred to as open-
ended questions, these
include unrestricted, essay,
or unguided questions.
GUIDED
RESPONSE TYPE
Recall-type questions asking
the participant to recall a set
of categories. Multiple-
choice or multiple response
questions.
Popular types of
Survey
questions
 When a question has two possible

Dichotomous responses, we consider it

dichotomous. Surveys often use

Questions dichotomous questions that ask for a

Yes/No, True/False or
Agree/Disagree response.
Questions Nomina
Based on l
Ordinal
Level Of Interval
Measurement
Nomina Ordina
l l

Interva
l
S emantic
differential
Filter or Sometimes you have to ask the
respondent one question in order to

Contingenc determine if they are qualified or

experienced enough to answer a

y subsequent one. This requires using a filter

or contingency question.

Questions

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2020
Questio Is the Question
Necessary/Useful?

n Are Several Questions

Content Needed?

Is Question Sufficiently
General?

Is Question Biased or
Loaded?

Will Respondent Answer

Truthfully?
KEEP THE
FOLLOW ING
IN MIND:
1.Thank the respondent at the beginning for allowing
you to conduct your study
2.Only include what is absolutely necessary
3.Be sensitive to the needs of the respondent
4.Be alert for any sign that the respondent is
uncomfortable
5.Thank the respondent at the end for participating
6.Assure the respondent that you will send a copy of the
final results
Thank
You!