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302 1ba Chapter10
302 1ba Chapter10
302 1ba Chapter10
Lenz’s Law
When an emf is generated by a change in magnetic flux according to Faraday's Law, the
polarity of the induced emf is such that it produces a current whose magnetic field opposes
the change which produces it. The induced magnetic field inside any loop of wire always acts
to keep the magnetic flux in the loop constant. In the examples below, if the B field is
increasing, the induced field acts in opposition to it. If it is decreasing, the induced field acts
in the direction of the applied field to try to keep it constant.
d
emf E_dot_ d L B_dot_ d S
dt
S
d
emf E_dot_ d L B_dot_ d S
dt
S
Applying Stokes' Theorem
d
( Del E)_dot_ d S B_dot_ d S
dt
S S
Removing the intregals - assuming same surface
( Del E)_dot_dS
d B _dot_dS
dt
Del E
d B
dt
Faraday's Law
B y d
emf
d
d y d
B B v d
dt dt
Consider example using concept of motional emf
F Qv B
F
v B
Q
d
Del E B
dt
Ampere's circuital law for staedy magnetic fields
Del H J
It shows its inadequacy for time-varying
Del_dot_Del H 0 Del_dot_J
d
Del_dot_J v
dt
Then it shows that Del H J can be true only if
d
v 0
dt
This is an unrealistic limitation and Del H J
must be amended before we can
accept it for time-varying fields
Displacement Current
Del H JG
0 Del_dot_J Del_dot_G
d
Del_dot_G v
dt
Replacing .v for Del_dot_D
d
G D
dt
d
Del H J D
dt
Displacement Current
H_dot_ d L
d
I D _dot_ d S
dt
S
Displacement current is associated with time-varying fields and exists in all imperfect
Conductors carrying a time-varying conduction current.
Maxwell’s Equations In Point Form
Maxwell’s Equations In Integral Form
The Retarded Potentials
v
Knowledge of the distribution of charge density
V dv
4 R and current density throughout space will enable
us to determine V and A
vol
( J) Every t appearing in v or (J) jas been replaced by
A dv a retarded time
4 R
R
vol t1 t
v
1
v
D10.7
A point charge of
4 cos 10 t
8 C is located at P+(0, 0, 1.5)
while 8
4 cos 10 t is at P-(0, 0, -1.5), both in free space
0 0 0
Pplus 0 Pminus 0 P 0
1.5 1.5 450
R1 P Pplus R1 448.5
7 12 1
0 4 10 0 8.85410
v 9
0 0 t 15 10
R1 ro1
cos
6 8
ro1 4 10 10 t Vplus
v
4 8.854187917
10
12 R1
Vplus 76.083
D10.7
R1 P Pminus R1 451.5
7 12 1
0 4 10 0 8.85410
v 9
0 0 t 15 10
R1 ro1
cos 10 t
6 8
ro1 4 10 Vminus
v
4 8.854187917
10
12 R1
Vminus 75.524
V Vplus Vminus
V 151.607