PRACTICAL

RESEARCH 2
PREPARED BY:
MR. JOEY SASING, LPT

STUDY
NOTES
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
Inquiry is the process of seeking answers to
questions
Research is the act of obtaining knowledge. It is a
scientific, experimental, or inductive manner of
thinking.
To be a researcher is to be a scientist who must
think logically or systematically; your research
activities must follow a certain order, like doing
inductive thinking that makes you ponder on
specific ideas first, then move to more complex
concepts like conclusions or generalizations or do
the opposite of inductive thinking, which is
deductive thinking, that lets you start from forming
generalizations to examining details about the
subject matter. These are not the only approaches
that you can adhere to in planning your research
work.
Qualitative data are measures of 'types' and may be represented
by a name, symbol, or a number code.
Quantitative data are data about numeric variables (e.g. how
many; how much; or how often).
Characteristics of Research
Research is a scientific, experimental, or inductive manner of
thinking. Starting from particular to more complex ideas, you
execute varied thinking acts that range from lower-order to
higher-order thinking strategies reflected by these research
activities: identifying the topic or problem, gathering data,
making theories, formulating hypotheses, analyzing data, and
drawing conclusions. Cognitively driven terms like empirical,
logical, cyclical, analytical, critical, methodical, and replicable
are the right descriptive words to characterize research.
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
Types of Qualitative Research
One-on-one interview. It is a personal interview that
is carried out with one respondent at a time. This is
purely a conversational method and invites
opportunities to get details in depth from the
respondent.
Focus groups. A focus group usually includes a
limited number of respondents (6-10) from within
your target market. The main aim of the focus group
is to find answers to the “why” “what” and “how”
questions.
Ethnographic Research. This research design aims
to understand the cultures, challenges, motivations,
and settings that occur. Instead of relying on
interviews and discussions, you experience the
natural settings first hand.
Case Study. This type of research method is used
within a number of areas like education, social
sciences and similar. This method may look difficult
to operate, however, it is one of the simplest ways
of conducting research as it involves a deep dive
and thorough understanding of the data collection
methods and inferring the data.
Record Keeping. This method makes use of the
already existing reliable documents and similar
sources of information as the data source.
Qualitative Observation. is a process of research
that uses subjective methodologies to gather
systematic information or data. Qualitative
observation is primarily used to equate quality
differences.
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
Types of Quantitative Research
Descriptive Research. It seeks to describe the
current status of an identified variable. These
research projects are designed to provide systematic
information about a phenomenon.
Example: A description of how second-grade
students spend their time during summer vacation;
A description of the tobacco use habits of teenagers
Correlational Research. It attempts to determine the
extent of a relationship between two or more
variables using statistical data. In this type of
design, relationships between and among a number
of facts are sought and interpreted.
Example: The relationship between intelligence and
self-esteem; The relationship between diet and
anxiety
Causal-comparative/quasi-experimental research.
This research attempts to establish cause & effect
relationships among the variables. These types of
design are very similar to true experiments, but with
some key differences.
Example: The effect of preschool attendance on
social maturity at the end of the first grade; The
effect of taking multivitamins on a students’ school
absenteeism
Experimental Research. Often called true
experimentation, uses the scientific method to
establish the cause-effect relationship among a
group of variables that make up a study. A true
experiment is any study where an effort is made to
identify and impose control over all other variables
except one.
Example: The effect of a new treatment plan on
breast cancer; The effect of positive reinforcement
on attitude toward school
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
Chapter I presents general concepts, principles, theories and ideas of authors related to the study. This portion is a necessity
to any research work to make sure that:
a) the study is not a mere repetition of the previous work or a replicate of a previous study;
b) the important past works of others are not overlooked; and
c) the study could be a verification of the findings of the researcher.

Introduction. The introductory chapter contains the general orientation about the study. It conveys to the reader the
importance of the project and that it is likely to make a contribution to national development, if not to the improvement of
education. (Sanchez, 2000).

Rationale. To write your rationale, you should first write a background on what all research has been done on your study
topic. Follow this with 'what is missing' or 'what are the open questions/terms of the study'. Identify the gaps emphasize why
it is important to address those gaps.

A Background of the Study. This segment consists of statements on what led the investigator to launch the study. It may
have been generated by some empirical observations, the need to explore the problem and some other relevant conditions.

B. Statement of the Problem. The main problem is stated first. A good main problem spells out
expected sub-problems that will further clarify it. Sub-problems could be in questions or statement form.
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
C. The Significance of the Study. The Study should have a value not only to the researcher but also to the management of
the company, the community wherein one lives, the respondents themselves, and furthermore, it should have an impact on
the researcher's field of specialization. One should be able to mention the sectors that will be benefited by the study.

D. Hypotheses. This segment serves as a direction to the researcher. Hypotheses serve the same purpose as objectives.
Stated in null hypotheses form, they are either accepted or rejected. Hypothesis is a tentative explanation or an answer to a
question about variables, their relationships, and other facts involved in the research.
Example of hypothesis: There is no significant difference in the agreement of the two (2) groups of respondents in the
factors that greatly affect their Peace Values Concepts (PVC), Emotional Quotient (EQL), Personality Test (PT) and their
Coping Mechanisms (CM).

Assumption of the Study. While the hypotheses are statements of expectations to be tested in the contemplated research,
assumptions are statements that need not be tested. They are accepted as facts based on observations or based on the
existing literature. The assumption must be stated when there is controversy on the acceptability of a theory/concept/ a
research method or instruments, which the proposed research considers acceptable. (Castillo, 2002).

E. The Scope and Delimitations. This scope of the study defines where and when the study is conducted and who the
subjects or respondents are. The delimitations of the study are those factors that will be excluded from the research.
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
This can include anything from the geographical area that will be covered by the study to the specific population that will
be included. By delimiting the scope of the study, researchers can more easily focus on the information that is relevant to
their topic.

F. Theoretical Framework. The theoretical framework presents the theory which is the cornerstone of the research or spring-
board of the study. The authorities who formulated the theories and ideas used are the bases of the study, assuming that the
research is a theory testing endeavor which are cited. The framework cites the theory on which the study is premised based
on theories of authors in order to establish the relationship among the variables or variables in the study.

G. Conceptual Framework/Research Paradigm. This portion refers to the researcher's concept or ideas
about his study. There should be a conceptual or research paradigm that shows the flow of activities to
be done consisting of inputs, process and outputs of the study. The paradigm must be explained by the
researchers.

H. Definition of Terms. One of the first thing you should do in your study is to definite important word or terms, This is
done for the purpose of knowing their meaning and for you to communicate the said meaning to your reader. (Burns, 2000).
The terms must be arranged alphabetically. The meaning of code terms must be written in complete sentence. (Sanchez,
2000).
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The second part or Chapter II may present local studies done along the line. Local studies are Philippines national studies by
agencies, institutions, universities, or private groups of individuals. Personal studies like those undertaken by thesis or
dissertation writers could also be included.

Related Literature. This chapter consists of three (3) components: first, Related Literature consisting of books, documents,
articles, etc. which are closely related to the present study: The ideas of each author must be stated and after it, is the
surname of the author and the year of publication of this book.

Related Studies. The second component of Chapter II is the Related Studies which includes ideas from the theses and
dissertations read and which have relations to the present study. The theses writer’s family name must always be indicated
after each idea, so with the year when the thesis or dissertation was written. The selected studies must also be categorized
into foreign or local. (Castillo, 2002).

Synthesis. This third component of Chapter II is the Synthesis of the Review. The similarities of the aforementioned
theses/dissertations with the present study will be stated. Mention also the differences of the present study from those theses
or dissertations cited. Family names of theses or dissertation writers must be stated together with the year when these were
written. (Castillo, 2002).
"Keep your face always toward the
sunshine, and shadows will fall
behind you."
— Walt Whitman