Day 3 Session 1 Module 6

Chi-Square Test for Independence of

Two Attributes in SPSS
Learning Outcomes:
By the end of this session participants will be able to:
1. Discuss the concept and understanding of test
2. Know when to use the test
3. Develop the research model and hypothesis for test
4. Run the test in SPSS
5. Interpret, and report the output of test
When to use Chi-Square test for Independence of two
Attributes

This test is used to measure the statistical significance of bivariate

research model for example

IV DV
Gender Smoking habit

Types of variables required for the test

Both variables IV and DV of the model should be qualitative in

nature.
 Assumption of Chi- Square test
The data in the cells should be frequencies, or counts of cases rather than
percentages data.

The levels (or categories) of the variables are mutually exclusive

The expected value of the cell should be 5 or more in at least 80% of the cells,
and no cell should have an expected of less than one

There are 2 variables, and both are measured as categories, usually at the nominal
level. However, data may be ordinal data. Interval or ratio data that have been
collapsed into ordinal categories may also be used. 
Research Model
IV DV
Gender Smoking habit

Research Hypothesis:
Smoking habit of the people varied in terms of gender.

Setting of Research Hypothesis into Statistical hypothesis:

Null Hypothesis (HO): There is no relationship between gender and smoking habit
Alternative Hypothesis (H1): There is relationship between gender and smoking
habit

Decision
If the p-value is less the significance level then there is a significant
relationships between two variables.
Effect size statistics for Chi-Square test for independence of two
attributes

If both variable have only two categories then φ is calculated for effect
size and its value rages from -1 to +1. (n is the sample size in the
following formula)
2
 
n
If both variable have more than two categories then Cramer’s “V” is
calculated for effect size and its values ranges from 0 to 1.

2
V 
no.ofrowsorno .ofcolumns , whicheveri ssmaller )  1

The effect size of 0.1. 0.3 and 0.5 represents small, medium and large
effect respectively.
 Interpretation of effect size

If the effect size is 0.20 then it indicate that of the

total variation of dependent variable, 20% variation
is explained by independent variable and rest 80%
variation of dependent variable is explained by
other factors or variables which are not consider the
research model.
Participant’s reflection
Question-Answer
Running Chi-Square Test for Independence
of Two attributed in SPSS
 From Database 1
Think one research model, whose statistical significance can be tested by chi-square test for
independence of two attributes. Test the statistical significance of the model in SPSS and
make decision and the conclusions.

Figure: Research Model

IV= DV=
Ownership Service

Research Hypothesis
There is relationship between the ownership of the hospital and service provided
by the hospital

Setting of Research Hypothesis into Statistical hypothesis:

Null Hypothesis (HO): No relationship between ownership and service provided by the
hospital

Alternative Hypothesis (H1): Types of ownership and service provided by the hospital are
associated
 Path in SPSS for the test

Analyze Descriptive statistics Crosstabs

Then from comprehensive list of variables in the left side of the box
select the dependent variable and send to right row box and select
independent variable and sent to right column box. Click on statistics
and select chi square and click on continue and then click on cells
and select observed check box in the counts and then select column
check box in the percentages. Then click on continue and OK.

Then following output will generate by SPSS

 Outputs of SPSS
Type of hospital * Type of Ownership Crosstabulation
% within Type of
Ownership            
Type of Ownership
Nonfederal Not-for- Federal
  Government profit For-profit government Total
Type of hospital General
Medical 74.5% 95.3% 73.3% 83.3% 84.0%
Psychiatric 25.5% 4.7% 26.7% 16.7% 16.0%
Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Chi-Square Tests
  Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 15.474 a
3 .001
Likelihood Ratio 17.199 3 .001
Linear-by-Linear Association .002 1 .966
N of Valid Cases 200   
a. 1 cells (12.5%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 2.88.

Note: If more then 20% of the cell have expected count

less than 5 then report likelihood ratio test.
 Result:
Chi-Square test for independence of two attributes is used to test the statistical
significance of the association between two variables- types of ownership and types of
service provided by the hospital. There are four types of ownership of the hospital –
non-federal government, not-for profit, for profit, and federal government. The second
variable- service have two categories- general medical service and Psychiatric service.
The findings of test shows that the association between types of ownership and service
are statistically significantly, persons χ2 (3, 200) = 15.474, P = 0.001<0.05. The effect
size of 0.28 indicate medium effect. Types of service provided by the hospital are
significantly varied in terms of types of ownership of the hospitals.

Interpret the findings of the table

  Type of Ownership
Nonfederal Not-for- Federal
  Government profit For-profit government Total
General Medical 74.5% 95.3% 73.3% 83.3% 84.0%
Psychiatric 25.5% 4.7% 26.7% 16.7% 16.0%
Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Participant’s reflection
Question-Answer
 Exercise:
Running Chi-Square Test for Independence
of Two attributed in SPSS