PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG PASIG

VITAMINS and
College of Nursing

MINERALS
Vitamins Fat-Soluble

Water-Soluble

Calcium
Minerals Potassium
Sodium Chloride
Iron
Zinc
PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG PASIG, College of Nursing
Vitamins Fat-Soluble

Water-Soluble

Calcium
Minerals Potassium
Sodium Chloride
Iron
Zinc
PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG PASIG, College of Nursing
Fat-Soluble Vitamins: Vitamin A
- processed in the body from the carotene of plants, especially yellow-orange and dark-
Description Retinol, Retinal,
green leafy vegetables, fruits, oily saltwater fish, dairy products, and eggs
& Source Beta Carotin
- RDA – 800 to1,000 units/day; DRI – 700 to 3,000 mcg/day
Resistance to infection, Proper visual function at night, Normal growth and development of bones and soft
Indication
tissues and maintenance of healthy epithelial tissues, healing wounds, and Reproduction
Deficiency
Malabsorption of Fats, Diarrhea, Obstruction of bile, Presence of mineral oil in the intestines, overcooking of
may result
vegetables in an open container, prolonged infection or fever
from:
Signs of
Night blindness, slow growth, anorexia, weight loss, and bone and teeth deformities
Deficiency
Symptoms of
Irritability and psychiatric symptoms; Fatigue; Lethargy; Headache; Insomnia
Overdose
Long-term use of large doses of vitamin A is contraindicated for women who are, or may become, pregnant.
Fetal malformations have been reported following maternal ingestion of large doses of vitamin A, either
Caution
before or during pregnancy. Many medications that are vitamin A derivatives, such as tretinoin cream, are
also contraindicated during pregnancy.

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG PASIG, College of Nursing

Fat-Soluble Vitamins: Vitamin D
- Synthesized in the body through the action of the sunlight to the skin.
- Other sources: fish oils (tuna, salmon, mackerel), food products fortified with Vit. D (milk
D -Calciferol
Description & D2-Ergocalciferol and cereals
Source 2
- Vit. D3– seen in products with 10,000 units or less. More proficient in raising Vit. D serum
D3-Cholecalciferol
- Vit D2 – seen in products containing 50,000 units
- RDA – 400 u/day; DRI – 5 to 15 mcg/day
Maintenance of normal nerves and muscles; regulating absorption and metabolism of calcium and phorphorus for
Indication
healthy bones and teeth; Pregnancy and lactation, when it is especially important
Signs of
Poor teeth and bone structure; skeletal deformities; osteopororis and osteomalacia; and tetany (muscle spasm)
Deficiency
Overdose and Nausea, anorexia, weight loss, muscle and/or bone pain, kidney damage and kidney stone formation, heart
Toxicity rhythm abnormalities, hypercalcemia with convulsion or confusion, and fetal disorders

Caution Caution not to exceed RDA with Cardiovascular disorders, kidney disease, pregnancy and lactation

Interactions Digoxin, mineral oil may interfere with intestinal absorption

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG PASIG, College of Nursing

Fat-Soluble Vitamins: Vitamin E
- Abundant in nature, found especially in cereals, wheat germ, seeds, nuts, vegetable oils,
Description &
Tocopherol eggs, meat and poultry
Source
- RDA – 30 u/day; RDI – 15 to 1,000 mcg/day
Normal metabolism; protection of tissues of the eyes, skin, liver, breasts, muscles and lungs; protection of RBC
Indication
from damage; decrease platelet clumping.
Deficiency
Alcohol abuse; malabsorption syndrome; pathological conditions of liver and pancreas; sickle-cell anemia;
may result
premature infants or low-birth-weight neonates
from:
Signs of Not firmly established but may show muscle weakness in adults and irritability, edema and hemolytic anemia in
Deficiency infants

Overdose Bleeding in patients who are Vit K deficient or on oral anticoagulants

Interactions Excessive use of mineral oil may decrease the absorption of Vit. E

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG PASIG, College of Nursing

Fat-Soluble Vitamins: Vitamin K
- found in green leafy vegetables, cabbage, vegetable oils, cheese, eggs and liver; absorbed
Description &
Phytomenadione in the intestine in the presence of bile salts
Source
- RDA – 60 to 80 mg/day; DRI -90-120 mc/day
Indication Blood clot; unlike other Fat-Soluble vitamins, body does not store Vit. K, but recycles in less significant amount
Low blood clotting factor levels caused by: (1) Insufficient Vit. K stores in newborn; (2) Inadequate dietary intake;
Deficiency
(3) malabsorption syndromes, ulcerative colitis, prolonged diarrhea; (4) warfarin overdose; (5) prolonged use of
may result in:
salicylates, quinine, long-term parenteral nutrition, and broad-spectrum antibiotics
Signs of
Increased clotting time; petechiae and bruising; hemturia; melena or hematochezia
Deficiency
Mode of
Oral
Administratio
IV/IM – may cause severe allergic reaction
n

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG PASIG, College of Nursing

Summary

Fat-Soluble Vitamins
1. Vitamin A
2. Vitamin D
3. Vitamin E ADEK
4. Vitamin K

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG PASIG, College of Nursing

Vitamins Fat-Soluble

Water-Soluble

Calcium
Minerals Potassium
Sodium Chloride
Iron
Zinc
PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG PASIG, College of Nursing
Water-Soluble Vitamins: Vitamin B1
- a coenzyme utilized in carbohydrate metabolism. Found in whole grains, wheat germ,
Description & peas, beans, nuts, yeast, meat (pork and organ meat), oysters, collard greens, oranges,
Thiamine
Source enriched cereals
- DRI - 1.1 –o 1.4 mg/day

Indication Normal function of the nervous and cardiovascular system

Deficiency - Chronic alcoholism and substance abuse

maybe due to: - Malabsorption an liver disease
Beriberi – symptoms include:
- anorexia, constipation, GI upset, nausea;
Signs of - neuritis, pain, tingling in extremities, loss of reflexes;
Deficiency - muscle weakness, fatigue, ataxia;
- mental depression, memory loss, confusion;
- Cardiovascular problems

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG PASIG, College of Nursing

Water-Soluble Vitamins: Vitamin B2
- A coenzyme utilized in the metabolism of glucose, fats, and amino acids. Found in milk,
Description &
Riboflavin eggs, nuts, meats (liver), yeast, enriched bread, and green leafy vegetables
Source
- DRI – 1.3 to 1.6 mg/day
Cell growth and metabolism, with the release of energy from carbohydrates; proteins and fats in food; regulation
Indication
of certain hormones and formations of RBCs
Deficiency - Chronic alcoholism
maybe due to: - Poor diet
- Glossitis (tongue inflammation);
Signs of
- Cheilosis (cracking at the corners of the mouth);
Deficiency
- Dermatitis, photophobia, vision loss, burning or itching eyes

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG PASIG, College of Nursing

Water-Soluble Vitamins: Vitamin B6
- Coenzyme utilized in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats proteins, and amino acids.
Description & Found in meats, fish poultry, legumes, peanuts, soybeans, wheat germ, whole-grain
Pyrixodine
Source crearls, and bananas. There is significant loss when food are frozen
- DRI – 1.3 to 1.9 mg/day
Deficiency
Chronic alcoholism, Cirrhosis, Malabsorption Syndrome
maybe due to:
- Seizure activity in infants
Signs of
- Neuritis, dermatitis, nausea, vomiting, and depression in adults
Deficiency
- Peripheral Neuropathy
- Overdose in pregnant women may result in newborns with seizures who have developed a need for greater
Caution than normal amounts of pyroxidine.
- Should not be taken by patients taking levodopa because it antagonizes the action of levodopa

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG PASIG, College of Nursing

Water-Soluble Vitamins: Vitamin B12
- Found in meats (organ meats), poultry, fish and shellfish, milk, cheese, and eggs
Description & Cobalamin - Absorption depends on intrinsic factor which is normally present in the gastric juices,
Source Cyanocobalamin absence of this factor leads to pernicious anemia and B12 deficiency.
- DRI: 2.4 mcg/day
Indication Maturation of RBC and maintenance of the nervous system
Deficiency - Vegetarian diets without meat, eggs, or milk products; Gastrectomy or intestinal resections; Malabsorption
maybe due to: syndrome; Pernicious Anemia
Signs of Anemia and weakness; poor muscle coordination; numbness of hands and feet; mental confusion, disorientation,
Deficiency memory loss and irritability,
Treatment for
Pernicious Vit. B12 (cyanocobalamin) 100 to 1,000 mcg IM monthly for life to prevent neurological damage
Anemia
Side Effects Transient Diarrhea; Itching and Urticaria; Anaphylaxis (rare)
Interactions Neomycin
Patient Avoid taking large doses of Vit B12 without confirmed deficiency, as megadoses may mask the symptoms of FA
Education deficiency or cause complications in those with cardio problems or gout.

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG PASIG, College of Nursing

Water-Soluble Vitamins: Folic Acid
Description & Folate + Vitamin included in the B-Complex group and is found in leafy green vegetables, avocado,
Source Vitamin B9 beets, orange juice, kidney beans, and organ meats but is lost with overcooking and reheating
Protein synthesis, production of RBCs, cell division, and normal growth and maintenance of all cells. Deficiency
Indication
during pregnancy can result in neural tube defects such as spina bifida in the newborn
Deficiency
Improper diet; chronic alcoholism; liver pathology; intestinal obstruction; malabsorption syndromes and
associated
malnutrition; Renal dialysis or prolonged use of some medicines
with:
Signs of
Anorexia, weight loss, weakness and fatigue; irritability and behavior disorders; anemia
Deficiency

Interactions Could interfere with the following drugs: Phenytoin, Methotrexate, Trimethoprim, Triamterene

Should not be given to anyone with undiagnosed anemia, because it may mask the diagnosis or pernicious
Caution
anemia.
Patient
Consult a physician before taking FA supplements
Education

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG PASIG, College of Nursing

Water-Soluble Vitamins: Niacin
- Vitamin included in the B-Complex group and is found in meat, chicken, milk, eggs, fish,
Nicotinic Acid,
Description & Niacinamide, Vit. green vegetables, cooked dried beans and peas, soybeans, nuts, peanut butter, and
Source enriched cereal products.
B3
- DRI – 14 to 18 mg/day
Indication Lipid metabolism and nerve functioning, especially in the circulation and maintenance of all cells
Deficiency
results in: Pellagra ( severe skin and mucous membrane disorder that progresses to systemic and CNS disorders
Signs of Peripheral vascular insufficiency; dermatitis and varicose ulcers; diarrhea; Dementia, hallucinations, depression;
Deficiency mouth sores; lethargy, weakness, anorexia, indigestion
Headache, flushing, and burning sensations of face, neck and chest; postural hypotension; jaundice; nausea,
Side Effects
vomiting, diarrhea; increased blood glucose and uric acid

Caution Patients with diseases like/in liver, gall bladder, gout, diabetes

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG PASIG, College of Nursing

Water-Soluble Vitamins: Vitamin C
- Found in fresh fruits and vegetables (citrus, cantaloupe, tomatoes, cabbage, green
Description & peppers, broccoli). Unstable when exposed to heat or air or combined with alkaline
Ascorbic Acid
Source compounds (Antacid).
- DRI 75 to 90 mg/day; UL 2,000 mg/day
Formation of intracellular substances (collagen); Normal development of teeth, gums, and bones; absorption of
Indication
Iron; Healing wounds and bone fractures
Deficiency are
associated Diet lacking fresh fruit and vegetables; alcoholism; Infection and Hemodialysis; smoking
with:
Signs of Muscle weakness and cramping; Sore and bleeding mouth gums, loose teeth; Capillary fragility, dry and scaly
Deficiency skin; Poor healing
Heart burn, abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea; Increased uric acid levels and may precipitate gouty
Side Effects
arthritis; increased urinary calcium and may precipitate kidney stone formation

Intercation May occur with ASA, Fe

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG PASIG, College of Nursing

Vitamins Fat-Soluble

Water-Soluble

Calcium
Minerals Potassium
Sodium Chloride
Iron
Zinc
PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG PASIG, College of Nursing
Minerals: Sodium + Chloride (NaCl)
• Principal minerals in the extracellular body fluids.
Description • Source: Salt
• DRI: Na – 1,300 to 1500 mg/day; Cl – 1.8 to 2.3 g/day

Necessary For homeostasis

Excessive fluid loss ( bleeding, diarrhea, vomiting, excessive perspiration); Insufficient oral intake (starvation or
Deficiency
extended fasting); Alkalosis (chloride deficiency)

Treatment Oral or IV therapy with NaCl (NSS – 0.9% NaCl)

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG PASIG, College of Nursing

Minerals: Potassium (K)
• Principal minerals in the within the cells
Description • Source: citrus fruits, bananas, tomatoes, potato skin, cantaloupe, avocado, dried fruits
• DRI: 4.7 g/day

Necessary For Acid-base and fluid balance

Deficiency is
Insufficient oral intake; diarrhea or vomiting; DKA; diaphoresis; use of diuretics; digoxin toxicity; long-term use of
associated
corticosteroid and laxative; kidney disease
with:
Signs of
Muscular weakness, paralysis, cardiac arrythmias, lethargy and fatigue
Deficiency

Treatment Oral and IV K supplementation

Overdose Hyperkalemia; nausea, vomiting, diarrhea; GI Bleeding, Cardiac arrest; hypotension

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG PASIG, College of Nursing

Minerals: Calcium (Ca)
• Mineral component of bones and teeth. Absorbed in the small intestine with the help of Vit. D
Description • Sources: Milk and dairy products
• RDA – 1,000 to 1,200 mg/day
Strong bones and teeth; contraction of cardiac, smooth and skeletal muscles; nerve conduction; blood
Necessary For
coagulation, capillary permeability, and normal BP
Deficiency is
Pregnancy and Lactation; postmenopausal women; hypoparathyroidism; long-term use of corticosteroids,
associated
diuretics and anticonvulsants; chronic diarrhea, pancreatitis, and renal failure
with:
Signs of
Osteoporosis, rickets in children, increase in clotting time
Deficiency

Treatment Ca supplements of 400 to 600 mg daily

Toxicity Kidney Stones

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG PASIG, College of Nursing

Minerals: Iron (Fe)
• Vital for O2 carrying and the delivery component of the blood
Description
• Source: Meat, Liver, Eggs, Poultry; Spinach; Dried Fruits and beans; Prune Juice

Necessary For Hemoglobin Formation

Deficiency is
Hemorrhage and excessive menstrual flow; internal bleeding, ulcers and Gi tumors; pregnancy; infancy;
associated
hemodialysis
with:
Signs of
Skin paleness, lethargy, air hunger, irregular heart beat; vertigo
Deficiency

Treatment Administration of Fe supplements

Toxicity Lethargy, shock, vomiting, diarrhea, erosion of the GI tract, liver or kidney damage

Patient
Expect black stools when taking supplements
Education

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG PASIG, College of Nursing

Minerals: Zinc (Zn)
• Essential element in metabolism
Description • Source: Meat, Liver, Oysters, Poultry, Fish
• DRI – 8 to 11 mg/day

Necessary For Wound Healing; Mineralization of bone; Insulin and Glucose regulation; Normal Taste; Antioxidant

Deficiency Poor wound healing; reduced taste perception, alcohol/glucose intolerance

Toxicity CI distress; Copper deficiency with extended use of high levels of zinc

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG PASIG, College of Nursing

End of the module. Thank You!

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG PASIG, College of Nursing