Electrical Measurement and

Instrumentation
Lecture 8
Digital Signal Processing

Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering

 Signal
processing
 Signal processing is concerned with improving the quality of
the reading or signal at the output of a measurement system,
and one particular aim is to attenuate any noise in the
measurement signal that has not been eliminated by careful
design of the measurement system
 Analog signal processing
 Digital signal processing

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 Filters
– Passive
– Active
 Signal amplification
 Signal attenuation
 Differential amplification
 Signal linearization
 Bias (zero drift) removal
 Signal Integration
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Signal
processing Analog
Signal Processing
 Signal Differentiation
 Voltage follower (pre-amplifier)
 Voltage comparator
 Voltage-to-current converter
 Current to-voltage converter
 Phase-sensitive detector
 Lock-in amplifier
 Signal addition
 Signal multiplication
 Signal processing
Digital signal processing
 Sample and hold circuit
 Analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion
 Digital-to-analog (D/A) conversion
 Digital filtering
 Autocorrelation
 Other digital signal processing operations

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 Digital signal
processing
Sampling
 In a signal, maximum
frquency component: m
 m = 2  fm
 Nyquist Rate: fn = 2 fm
 Sampling rate: fs
 fs ≥ fn = 2 f m

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 Digital signal
processing
Hold Circuit
Signal is sampled at
tn = nTm ; Tm = 1/fm
instants.
The value of the
signal is kept constant
over the interval
nTm ≤ t <
(n+1) Tm

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 Digital signal
Analog-to-Digital Converters (A/D) - I
processing
The signal is samplled at a proper speed and the value of the
sample is converted into binary value.
If the signal range is between 0-2V, and 8-bit representation is used
then there are 28 = 256 regions are specified to be represented by
an 8-bit binary number.
Each region is 2 V / 256 = 0,0078125 V = 7.8125
mV Then if the input in in the range
[0, 7.8125 mV) = 0000 0000
[7.8125 mV, 15,625 15,625) = 0000 0001
.......
[1,9921875 V, 2V) = 1111 1111

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 Digital signal processing
Analog-to-Digital Converters (A/D)- II

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 Digital signal processing
Digital-to-Analog Converters (D/A)- I
The binary number
a7 a6 a5 a4 a3 a2 a1 a0
İs required to be converted into decimal number.
Vo = a7x27+a6x26+a5x25+a4x24+a3x23+a2x22+a1x21+a0x20
Usually the output is scaled by a value N such that the output is in
the range of [0, Vm)

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 Digital signal processing
Digital-to-Analog Converters (D/A)- II

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 Digital signal processing
Analog-to-Digital Converters (A/D)
 Counting A/D

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 Digital signal
Analog-to-Digital
processingConverters (A/D)
 Successive Approximation Register

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 Digital signal
Analog-to-Digital
processingConverters (A/D)
 Successive Approximation Register

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 Digital signal processing
Analog-to-Digital Converters (A/D)
 Dual-Slope A/D

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 Digital signal processing
Analog-to-Digital Converters (A/D)
 Flash A/D

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 Digital signal
Digital-to-Analog Converters (D/A)
processing
 D/A with Binary Weighted Resistor

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 Digital signal processing
Digital-to-Analog Converters (D/A)
 D/A with R-2R Ladder

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