LECTURES 5 6 7 8 EM WAVES WGs AND TX LINES

LECTURE 5: Rectangular Waveguides
OUTLINE
 INTRODUCTION
 MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS
 FIELD COMPONENTS
 WAVE EQUs
SEPT 2019 EM WAVES, WAVEGUIDES AND TRANSMISSION 1

LECTURE 5: INTRODUCTION
 Waveguides are defined as TX lines which can
only convey the higher order modes of EM waves.
 At somewhat higher freqs, circuit theory can still
handled over TX lines, using distributed elements.
 However, at very high freqs, only higher order
modes will propagate.
 The propagation of such higher modes can only be
achieved over waveguides.
 Waveguides operate above a Cutoff freq
and each mode has its Cutoff freq.
 Transverse and longitudinal components
are obtained from Boundary Conditions,
which are specific to each type of
waveguide.

 Unlike in plane waves, waveguides have
both transverse and longitudinal (in the dir
of propagation) components.
 Generally, only one longitudinal
component is present, so, generally there
are 5 components ( 1 longitudinal and 4
transverses).
 Based on the existing longitudinal
LECTURE 5: Propagation Modes

LECTURE 5: Maxwell’s Eqs Revised
 In propagating modes, Maxwell’s Eqs
become
.

.
.

 Generally, as far as finding field
components is concerned, we need to
determine the z-component and then derive
the other ones from that z-component.
 So, naturally, we have write each one the
transverse components as a function of z-
components. And this is done by solving
the set of (06) Eqs above.
.

.
 Note that .

LECTURE 5: Infinite Parallel Plates
 There is no boundary condition in the x-dir
(plates infinite in x-dir), which means that .
 Consequently, the following field components
are obtained.
.

LECTURE 5: Infinite Parallel Plates
.

LECTURE 5: Infinite//Plates - TE Mode
 First of all, we need to find the wave Eq
and apply the respective boundary
conditions.
 Also, given that and , the only E-field to
search for is the x-component.
 So, the wave Eq is now given as :

LECTURE 5: Infinite//Plates/ TE-mode
 The soln(s) to the diff Eq above, are of the form
.
 Applying the boundary conditions yields

LECTURE 5: Infinite Parallel Plates/TE
Mode
 Hence, the E-component is given as
 Next, let’s derive the from , using the

Maxwell’s Eqs :
.

LECTURE 5: Infinite // Plates - TE Mode
.
 Finally, we derive by writing it as a

function of , resulting in
.

LECTURE 5: Infinite // plates - TM Mode
 Taking exactly a similar approach as that
used in the TE-mode yields,
.

LECTURE 5: Infinite Parallel Plates/TM
Mode
 Now, we need to apply the boundary

conditions which are :
.

LECTURE 5: Infinite // Plates - TM Mode

LECTURE 6: Rectangular Waveguides
OUTLINE
 INTRODUCTION
 MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS
 WAVE EQUs

LECTURE 6: Rect Waveguide/ Wave Eq/TM
Mode
 From the previous sections, the wave Eq
was found to be
.

Mode
.
 Now, using the separation of variables,

can be written as
 Substituting this in the wave Eq and

dividing by yields
.

Mode
 Clearly, the wave Eq is only satisfied if
there exist 3 constants such that
 The soln(s) these independent diff Eqs are

given as
.

LECTURE 6: Rect Waveguides/TM Mode
 Hence, the z-component can be written as
.
 The boundary conditions on the top,

bottom and left and right walls are :
.

 The boundary conditions for both bottom and left walls
are
 Consequently, simplifies to
 Moreover, the conditions on the top and right walls are

.

 Finally, the longitudinal component is
given by
.
 The transverse components are simply

derived from the z-component above,
using the Maxwell’s Eqs and listed below.
.

.
.
.

LECTURE 6: Rect Waveguides/TE Mode
 The soln(s) to the wave Eq are exactly the same as
those obtained for the TM modes.
 However, here, there is no boundary condition for
the longitudinal component.
The boundary conditions are instead applied to the
transverse electric field components. So, we will first
derive these components from the general soln in the
z-dir.

 The soln(s) of the wave Eq as mentioned
above are given as:
.

 There are (04) boundary conditions which
are :
.

 Finally, applying the boundary conditions above
and using exactly the same method as that used in
the TM case, we get :
.


LECTURE6 : Rect Waveguides/Propagation
Parameters
 In relation to the wave Eq, the possible
soln(s) dictate that there must exist 3
constants, defined such that :

LECTURE 6: Rect Waveguides/Propagation
Parameters
 The wave Eq can also be written as :
.

Parameters
 The freq obtained when , is known as the Cutoff
freq of the mode, and are given by :
 The modes with the same cutoff freq are called

degenerates.
 The behavior of the wave depends on the value
of .

Parameters
 Note that , so for any given mode, the
mode wave number can be derived as
follows :

.

Parameters
.
 Based on the value of , we have 3 modes of

propagation :
.
1. If is a real ⇒ Propagating Wave

1. If ⇒ Standing Wave
2. If is imaginary ⇒ Evanescent Wave

Parameters
 The wavelength of the wave along the guide is referred
to as the Guided Wavelength, which is given as :
.
 The wave characterized by its Impedance, which is

defined as:

Parameters
 In order to derive the wave impedance for TM
and TE modes, we just need to replace by
respectively, in the expressions of the field
components and use the definition of the wave
impedance.
 By following the steps above, the wave Eqs
are found to be:

Parameters

LECTURE 6: Rect Waveguide/Propagation
Parameters
 The phase velocity of the wave is given
as :
 The group velocity is defined as :

LECTURE 6: Rect Waveguide/Propagation
Parameters
 In relation to phase and group velocities,
the following can be said :
1. The phase velocity in the rect
waveguide is higher than that obtained
in an unbounded medium.
2. The group velocity is less than that
experienced in an unbounded medium.
LECTURE 6: Rect Waveguide/TMmn and
TEmn Modes
 cannot simultaneously be equal to 0, the modes do
not exist.
 From the expression of the longitudinal field
component, the also do not exist. So, the first of the
TM modes to propagate is the mode.
 mode which has the lowest cutoff freq in a rect
waveguide and is referred to as the dominant mode.

LECTURE 6: Rect Waveguide/Dominant
Mode
 The following parameters are associated to
the dominant mode.

LECTURE 6: Rect Waveguide/Dominant
Mode

LECTURE 7: Circular Waveguides
OUTLINE
 MAXWELL’S EQ(s)
 WAVE EQU
.

LECTURE 7: Circular Waveguides
 Here, we going to use the same approach as
that applied to rect waveguides; that is, we will
still consider the wave to have a time-harmonic
variation and that the guides are air-filled.
 The Maxwell’s Eqs, field components and
propagation parameters are obtained using a
cylindrical coordinate system, as described
below.
LECTURE 7: Circular Waveguides/
Maxwell’s Eqs
 Maxwell’s Eqs
.

LECTURE 7: Circular Waveguides/Maxwell
Eqs
 Maxwell’s Eqs
.

LECTURE 7: Circular Waveguides/Field
Components

Components

components
.

Components
.

LECTURE 7: Circular Waveguides/TE Mode
 The wave Eq for TE mode can be written
as :
,
.

LECTURE 7: Circular Waveguides/TE
Modes
 By using the separation of variables
technique, the wave Eq can be further
simplified as follows :
 Letting yields

Modes
 From the above, it can be observed the diff
Eq on the LHS has only a dependence,
while the one on the RHS has only a
dependence. So, diff Eqs at both sides have
to be equal to some constants for the soln
to exist.
 Let . The soln to this is given by .
 Since the angular component of the field is
periodic, it can therefore be written as
 And the Eq with dependence can now

written as

 The diff Eq with the dependence can be
identified with the form
, also known as the Bessel’s Eq.
 And the soln(s) to this are Bessel’s
functions of 1st and 2nd kinds. Thus the
radial component is given by
LECTURE 7: Circular Waveguides/TE-Mode
 As the Bessel’s function of 2nd kind diverges at
0, it cannot be a soln. Hence, the radial soln is
given as
 As a result, the transverse field component can

be written as
LECTURE 8 : Circular Waveguides
OUTLINE
 TE MODES : FIELD COMPONENTS
 TE PROPAGATION PARAMETERS
 TM MODES : FIELD COMPONENTS
 TM PROPAGATION PARAMETERS

Modes
 In general, we set the coefs A or B to 0, and so
 In order to determine the cutoff wave number, we

will consider the boundary condition , which can
only be satisfied when .

Modes
 For , roots are denoted by so that ,
where is the m-th root of .
 Then, the Cutoff Wave Number can be
derived from the boundary conditions
mentioned above, as follows :

Modes
The Phase Constant and

Cutoff Freq are expressed as
functions of the Cutoff wave
number, and are given as
Modes
 Note that the subscript n indicates the order of
the Bessel’s function or number of
circumferential variations, while m indicates the
rank of the root or number of radial variations.
 From the Maxwell’s Eqs and soln(s) of the wave
Eq, the field components for the TE mode are
finally given as
.

Modes

Modes
.

Modes
.

Modes

LECTURE 8: Circular Waveguides/TM
Modes
 The field components are derived exactly
in the same way as in the TE modes. The z-
component is then given as
 The boundary condition , is only satisfied

when , which implies that

CIRCULAR WAVEGUIDES: TM Mode
 Thus, the cutoff wave number, phase
constant and cutoff freq of the mode are
respectively given by

LECTURE 8: Circular Waveguides/TM
Modes
 The TE mode with the lowest cutoff freq is
the mode.
 The TM mode with the lowest cutoff freq
is the mode.
 The lowest of the cutoff freq above is that
of the mode. So, the dominant mode in a
cir waveguide is the mode.
CIRCULAR WAVEGUIDES: Propagation
Parameters
 The mode wave number, guided
wavelength and wave Impedance are
exactly the same as those obtained in rect
waveguides.

LECTURE 5, 6, 7 & 8: References
.
[1] JOHN D. KRAUS, ELECTOMAGNETICS, McGRAW-HILL, 4TH EDITION, 1992

[2] ASHOK DAS, LECTURES ON ELECTOMAGNETISM, WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2ND EDITION, 2013
[3] CONSTANTINE A. BALANIS, ADVANCED ENGINEERING ELECTOMAGNETICS, JOHN WILEY &
SONS, 2ND EDITION, 2012
[4] GERALD L. POLLACK & DANIEL R. STUMP, ELECTOMAGNETISM, ADDISON WESLEY, 2002
[5] LE NGUYEN BINH, WIRELESS & GUIDED WAVE ELECTOMAGNETICS, FUNDAMENTALS &
APPLICATIONS, CRC PRESS, 2013
[6] RICHARD FITZPATRICK, MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS & PRINCIPLES OF ELECTOMAGNETISM,
INFINITY SCIENCE PRESS LLC, 2008
[7] TAMER BECHERRAWY, ELECTOMAGNETISM, MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS, WAVE PROPAGATION
& EMISSION, ISTE LTD, JOHN WILEY &SONS, 2012

LECTURES 5 6 7 8 EM WAVES WGs AND TX LINES

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LECTURES 5 6 7 8 EM WAVES WGs AND TX LINES

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LECTURE 5: Rectangular Waveguides

SEPT 2019 EM WAVES, WAVEGUIDES AND TRANSMISSION 1

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 Applying the boundary conditions yields

SEPT 2019 EM WAVES, WAVEGUIDES AND TRANSMISSION 14

 Next, let’s derive the from , using the

SEPT 2019 EM WAVES, WAVEGUIDES AND TRANSMISSION 15

 Finally, we derive by writing it as a

SEPT 2019 EM WAVES, WAVEGUIDES AND TRANSMISSION 16

SEPT 2019 EM WAVES, WAVEGUIDES AND TRANSMISSION 17

 Now, we need to apply the boundary

SEPT 2019 EM WAVES, WAVEGUIDES AND TRANSMISSION 18

SEPT 2019 EM WAVES, WAVEGUIDES AND TRANSMISSION 19

SEPT 2019 EM WAVES, WAVEGUIDES AND TRANSMISSION 20

SEPT 2019 EM WAVES, WAVEGUIDES AND TRANSMISSION 21

 Now, using the separation of variables,

 Substituting this in the wave Eq and

SEPT 2019 EM WAVES, WAVEGUIDES AND TRANSMISSION 22

 The soln(s) these independent diff Eqs are

SEPT 2019 EM WAVES, WAVEGUIDES AND TRANSMISSION 23

 The boundary conditions on the top,

SEPT 2019 EM WAVES, WAVEGUIDES AND TRANSMISSION 24

 Moreover, the conditions on the top and right walls are

SEPT 2019 EM WAVES, WAVEGUIDES AND TRANSMISSION 25

 The transverse components are simply

SEPT 2019 EM WAVES, WAVEGUIDES AND TRANSMISSION 26

SEPT 2019 EM WAVES, WAVEGUIDES AND TRANSMISSION 27

SEPT 2019 EM WAVES, WAVEGUIDES AND TRANSMISSION 28

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SEPT 2019 EM WAVES, WAVEGUIDES AND TRANSMISSION 33

SEPT 2019 EM WAVES, WAVEGUIDES AND TRANSMISSION 34

 The modes with the same cutoff freq are called

SEPT 2019 EM WAVES, WAVEGUIDES AND TRANSMISSION 35

SEPT 2019 EM WAVES, WAVEGUIDES AND TRANSMISSION 36

 Based on the value of , we have 3 modes of

1. If is a real ⇒ Propagating Wave

SEPT 2019 EM WAVES, WAVEGUIDES AND TRANSMISSION 37

 The wave characterized by its Impedance, which is

SEPT 2019 EM WAVES, WAVEGUIDES AND TRANSMISSION 38

SEPT 2019 EM WAVES, WAVEGUIDES AND TRANSMISSION 39

SEPT 2019 EM WAVES, WAVEGUIDES AND TRANSMISSION 40

 The group velocity is defined as :

SEPT 2019 EM WAVES, WAVEGUIDES AND TRANSMISSION 41

SEPT 2019 EM WAVES, WAVEGUIDES AND TRANSMISSION 43

SEPT 2019 EM WAVES, WAVEGUIDES AND TRANSMISSION 44

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