INTERNET EVOLUTION

ICT 400 – FUNDAMENTALS OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Overview
• History of Internet
• The Evolution of World Wide Web (WWW)
• Future Trends in Internet
Part 1 – History of Internet
What is the Internet?
• The Internet is a worldwide collection of networks that connects
millions of businesses, government agencies, educational institutions,
and individuals
• The vast collection of computer networks which form and act as a
single huge network for transport of data and messages across
distances which can be anywhere from the same office to anywhere
in the world.
• The largest network of networks in the world.
The Internet
• The Internet is a worldwide collection of networks that connects
millions of businesses, government agencies, educational institutions,
and individuals

• Figure: People around the world use the internet in daily activities, such as accessing information,
exchanging messages, and conversing with others from their computers and mobile devices.
The Internet
• The Internet originated as ARPANET in September 1969 and had two
main goals:
• Allow scientists at different physical locations to share information and work
together
• Function even if part of the network were disabled or destroyed by a disaster
The Internet
Connecting to the Internet
• With wired connections, a computer or device physically attaches via
a cable or wire to a communications device
• Computers without a communications device can use a wireless
modem or other communications device that enables wireless
connectivity
Connecting to the Internet
• Figure: Using a modem is one way to connect computers and mobile
devices to the Internet.
Connecting to the Internet
• Wired
• Cable Internet service
• DSL (digital subscriber line)
• Fiber to the Premises (FTTP)
• Wireless
• Wi-Fi (wireless fidelity)
• Mobile broadband
• Fixed wireless
• Satellite Internet Service
Connecting to the Internet (4 of 10)
• A hot spot is a wireless network that provides Internet connections to
mobile computers and devices

• Figure: You can create a mobile hot spot using a communications device or by tethering a smartphone.
Connecting to the Internet
• An Internet service provider (ISP) is a business that provides
individuals and organizations access to the Internet free or for a fee
• Bandwidth is a measure of the capability of a network to send and
receive data
• Megabyte (MB)
• Gigabyte (GB)
Connecting to the Internet
• Figure: This figure shows how a home user’s request for eBay’s webpage might travel the internet using
cable Internet service.
Connecting to the Internet
• An IP address is a sequence of numbers that uniquely identifies the
location of each computer or device connected to the Internet or any
other network
• A domain name is a text-based name that corresponds to the IP
address of a server
• A DNS server translates the domain name into its associated IP
address
Connecting to the Internet
• Figure: The IPv4 and IPv6 addresses, along with the domain name for Google's website.
Connecting to the Internet
Table: Popular TLDs
TLD Intended Purpose
.biz Businesses
.com Commercial organizations, businesses, and companies
.edu Educational institutions
.gov Government agencies
.mil Military organizations
.museum Museums and individual museum professionals
.name Individuals
.net Network providers or commercial companies
.org Nonprofit organizations
.pro Licensed professionals
.technology Technology information
.travel Entities whose primary area of activity is in the travel industry
Connecting to the Internet
• Figure: This figure show how a user’s entered domain name (google.com) uses a DNS server to display a
webpage (Google, in this case).
Internet History
• In 1958, the Advance Research Project Agency (ARPA) was established
by the US Department of Defense.
• ARPA is the agency that created the ARPANET, which is now known as
Internet.
• In 1962, J.C.R Licklider working under ARPA, proposed an idea of a
network of computer that can communicate to one another.
• In 1963, ASCII code is developed as the standard for computers from
different manufacturers to exchange data.

Video Reference:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h8K49dD52WA
Internet History
• In 1964, a network scheme is developed with multiple paths so if one
communication path is destroyed, the rest of the network still able to
communicate.
• In 1969, the researchers in UCLA send the first message via a
networked computer system. (UCLA connected to Stanford).
• The message sent is “LOGIN”, but Stanford only received “LOG” as the
system crashed.
Internet History
• ARPANET became reality in September 1969 and had two main goals:
• Allow scientists at different physical locations to share information
and work together
• Function even if part of the network were disabled or destroyed by
a disaster
• In 1971, Ray Tomlinson writes a program to send e-mail over the
ARPANET and develops the “user@host” convention.
First four Nodes of
ARPANET:
1. University of California,
Los Angeles
2. University of California,
Santa Barbara
3. Stanford Research
Institute
4. University of Utah
The first email sent through the ARPANET
Internet History
• In 1973, Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf collaborate to develop a
protocol for linking multiple networks together. This later becomes
the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
• 1991, Tim Berners Lee invented the World Wide Web (WWW)
• The Internet which is a tool intended for communication among the
scientist was open to the public after the invention of the WWW.
Three steps on how TCP/IP works
Internet History Timeline
Part 2 - The Evolution of World
Wide Web (WWW)
The World Wide Web
• The World Wide Web (WWW), or web, consists of a worldwide
collection of electronic documents (webpages)
• A website is a collection of related webpages and associated items
• A web server is a computer that delivers requested webpages to your
computer or mobile device
• HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is a set of symbols that
developers use to specify the headings, paragraphs, images, links, and
other content elements that a webpage contains
The World Wide Web
• A browser is an application that enables users with an Internet
connection to access and view webpages on a computer or mobile
device
• Internet-capable mobile devices such as smartphones use a special type of
browser, called a mobile browser
• A home page is the first page that a website displays
• Current browsers typically support tabbed browsing
HTML application on website.
The World Wide Web
• A web app is an application stored on a web server that you access through a
browser
• Web apps usually store users’ data and information on their hosts’ servers

• Figure: Web and mobile apps often work together, enabling you to access
your content from a variety of computers and devices.
Internet VS WWW
• It is also commonly known as the Web or sometimes abbreviated as W3.
• A lot of people tend to use the term “Internet” and the “Web”
interchangeably, thinking that both are the same things.
• Contrary to popular belief, the Internet and the Web are NOT the same! But
they are closely related to each other.
• The Internet is a massive network of networks, a networking infrastructure.
Meanwhile, WWW / Web, is a way of accessing information over the medium
of the Internet.
• Internet connects millions of computers together globally. WWW is an
information sharing model that is built on top of the browser used to access
Internet (eg; Google Chrome, Firefox and etc)
The World Wide Web
• In 1989, Tim Berners-Lee wrote the first browser called
“WorldWideWeb”, (later renamed to Nexus to avoid confusion
between the software and the World Wide Web).
• It used ‘hyperlinks’ through which people could ‘navigate’ from one
document to another.
The First Browser “WorldWideWeb / Nexus”
The World Wide Web

Scientist, CERN
Businesses
Creates online
document / website Open Website / Government
Users
Public Page Started having (that own
desktop)
public information
posted on the web
WWW on Web 1.0 (One-Way)
• In 1989, Web 1.0 has began to develop. The first generation of WWW.
• Web 1.0 is a one-way broadcasting, which means only the owner can
publish information.
• A system of internet servers that support specially formatted
document by using HTML.
• From now, information become more interconnected, websites
started growing in popularity, the web opened to business and the
public.
WWW on Web 2.0 (Two-Way)
• The second generation of WWW, Web 2.0, is focused on the ability for
people to collaborate and share information online.
• It signifies a conversation between the original author of the content
and all those who can comment or participate.
• It refers to the transaction form static HTML web pages to a more
dynamic HTML or dynamic web.
• It is also regarded as the social web. (Wikipedia, Facebook, Youtube
and etc)
WWW on Web 2.0 (Two-Way)
• Social media application are developed with the focus of fulfilling the
need for social interaction among its users. With its application,
sharing information or any contents to other users is possible.
• Some example of social media websites:
• Social Networking (Facebook, LinkedIn)
• Social Bookmarking (Del.icio.us, Blinklist, Simpy)
• Social News (Reddit, Digg)
• Social Photos and Video Sharing (YouTube, Instagram, Flickr, Pinterest)
• Blogs and microblogs (Blogger, WordPress, Twitter)
• Wikis (Wikipedia, Wikia)
 WWW on Web 3.0 (Three-Way)
• Web 3.0 is an extension of Web 2.0
• It is the location-aware and moment-relevant web.
• Combined with the social Web 2.0 services, Web 3.0 provides the
Internet users with the opportunity to engage with people all over the
world on a variety of device.
• Focused on collection of data
• Application Eg;
• Amazon recommended products to the user based on data collected. (Data
collected can be from our searching behavior / buying habit)
• Internet of Things (IoT) – collecting data from the environment for optimization.
More detailed timeline for WWW Evolution:
https://www.slideshare.net/doroteabianca/evolution-of-the-world-wide-web
Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
• URL is a global and unique address for a resource on the Web.
Displayed in the address bar of a browser – also known as web
address.
• It can also be defined as a complete web address used to find a
particular web page. URL will lead to any one of the pages within the
website.
The World Wide Web
• A webpage has a unique address, called a web address or URL

• Figure: After entering http://www.nps.gov/history/preserve-places.htm in the

address bar and then pressing the ENTER key or clicking the Search, Go, or
similar button in a browser, the U.S. Department of the Interior National Park
Service home page shown here is displayed.
URL VS Domain Name
• Domain names are used to identify one or more IP addresses.
• As an example, the domain name microsoft.com represents about a dozen IP
addresses.
• Domain names are used in URLs to identify particular Web pages. For example, in the
URL http://www.pcwebopedia.com/index.html, the domain name is pcwebopedia.com.
• Domain suffixes:
• .com – commercial site (promoting product/business)
• .edu – educational institution
• .gov – government.
• .org – non-profit organization
• .mil – military.
• .net – network (does fit in any of the preceding suffixes)
Types of Websites
• A web search engine is software that finds websites, webpages,
images, videos, news, maps, and other information related to a
specific topic
• A subject directory classifies webpages in an organized set of
categories, such as sports or shopping, and related subcategories
Types of Websites
Operator Description Examples Explanation

Display search results

art + music Results have both words, art
Space or + that include specific
art music and music, in any order
words.

dog OR
Results have either the word,
puppy
Display search results dog, or the word, Puppy.
OR that include only one Results have the word, dog, or
dog OR
word from a list. the word, puppy, or the word,
puppy OR
canine.
canine

Combine search results

Kalamazoo Results include both words,
that include specific
Michigan Kalamazoo Michigan, and
() words with those that
(pizza OR either the word, pizza, or the
include only one word
subs) word, subs.
from a list.
Types of Websites
Operator Description Examples Explanation

Exclude a Results include the word,

automobile-
_ word from automobile, but do not include the
convertible
search results. word, convertible.

Search for an
exact phrase "19th century Results include the exact phrase,
“”
in a certain literature" 19th century literature.
order.

Substitute
Results include any word that
characters in
* writer* begins with the text, writer (e.g.,
place of the
writer, writers, writer's)
asterisk.
Types of Websites
• There are several types of websites
• Search engine
• Online social network
• Informational and research
• Media sharing
• Bookmarking
• News, weather, sports, and other mass media
Types of Websites
• Educational
• Business, governmental, and organizational
• Blogs
• Wiki and collaboration
• Health and fitness
• Science
Types of Websites
• Entertainment
• Banking and finance
• Travel and tourism
• Mapping
• Retail and auctions
Types of Websites
• Careers and employment
• E-commerce
• Portals
• Content aggregation
• Website creation and management
Types of Websites
• Web publishing is the creation and maintenance of websites
Digital Media on the Web
• Multimedia refers to any application that combines text with media
• Graphics
• Animation
• Audio
• Video
• Virtual Reality
• A graphic is a visual representation of non-text information
• Graphic formats include BMP, GIF, JPEG, PNG, and TIFF
Digital Media on the Web
• Figure: Many webpages use colorful graphics to convey messages. For example, the variety of colors, images,
shapes, and thumbnails on the San Diego Zoo webpage visually separate and draw attention to areas of the
webpage, making the webpage more dynamic and enticing.
Digital Media on the Web
• An infographic is a visual representation of data and information,
designed to communicate quickly, simplify complex concepts, or
present patterns or trends

• Figure: An infographic presents complex concepts at a glance.

Digital Media on the Web
• Animation is the appearance of motion created by displaying a series
of still images in sequence
• Audio includes music, speech, or any other sound
• Compressed to reduce file size
• You listen to audio on your computer using a media player
Digital Media on the Web
• Figure: Windows Media Player is a popular media player, through which you can listen to music and watch
video.
Digital Media on the Web
• Video consists of images displayed in motion
• Virtual reality (VR) is the use of computers to simulate a real or
imagined environment that appears as a three-dimensional (3-D)
space
Digital Media on the Web
• Figure: Users can explore a VR world using a touch screen or their input device. For example, users can
explore the inside of the Gemini 7 space capsule, located at the Smithsonian Air and Space Museum in
Washington, D.C., from their computer or mobile device.
Digital Media on the Web
• A plug-in, or add-on, is a program that extends the capability of a
browser
• Email is the transmission of messages and files via a computer
network
• An email program allows you to create, send, receive, forward, store,
print, and delete email messages
Other Internet Services
• Figure: This figure shows how an email message may travel from a sender to a receiver.
Other Internet Services
• An email list is a group of email addresses used for mass distribution
of a message

• Figure: When you subscribe to a mailing list, you and all others in the list receive
messages from the website. Shown here is a user who receives newsletters and
alerts from FoxNews .com.
Other Internet Services
• Internet messaging services, which often occur in real-time, are
communications services that notify you when one or more of your
established contacts are online and then allows you to exchange
messages or files or join a private chat room with them
Other Internet Services
• Figure: With Internet messaging services, you and the person(s) with whom you are conversing are online at
the same time. The conversation appears on all parties' screens at the same time. Shown here is Facebook
messenger.
Other Internet Services
• A chat is a real-time typed conversation that takes place on a
computer or mobile device with many other online users
• A chat room is a website or application that permits users to chat
with others who are online at the same time
• An online discussion is an online area in which users have written
discussions about a particular subject
 Other Internet Services
VoIP (Voice over IP) enables users to speak to other users via their
Internet connection

Source: Microsoft
Other Internet Services (11 of 11)
• FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is an Internet standard that permits file
uploading and downloading to and from other computers on the
Internet
• Many operating systems include FTP capabilities
• An FTP server is a computer that allows users to upload and/or
download files using FTP
Netiquette
• Netiquette is the code of acceptable Internet behavior users should
follow while on the Internet

Figure: Some of the rules of netiquette, with respect to online communications.

Source: Microsoft
Part 3 - Future Trends in Internet
Future Trends in Internet
• The Internet is changing the way we work, produce, live, shop, travel
and stay healthy.
• Data volumes are expected to increase 50 folds by 2020.
• US Digital exports are now estimated to be close to $500 billion a
year.
• Currently, 43% of the world’s population is connected to the Internet,
and it is expected to raise to 90% by 2024.
Future Trends in Internet
• Consumer internet traffic is growing at a rate of 21% per year.
• It is reported that 38.6 billion devices will be connected by 2025, and
50 billion by 2030.
• This will radically transform most industries. Including the
automotive, consumver, electricity, healthcare, logistics, and media
sectors.
• Cybercrime will also be expected to be significantly increased, that
leads to the increasing the potential of reputational damage to brands
through loss of data or blackmail.
What do you think the Future Trends of the
Internet will be?
Some Predictions
• Augmented & Virtual Reality will play a major role.
• Next-Gen device (eg; Google Glass & Microsoft HoloLens.
• Facebook VR (Oculus Rift)
• Machines might take over your job
• With the combination of the ubiquity of Internet and the machine, the
machine will gain mastery over high-level and intellectual tasks (eg; writing),
possibly replacing people in their jobs.
• Internet of Things will fully mature
• The IoT currently implemented in a lot of ways. The implementation are
predicted to extends to our daily needs (eg; wallets, or maybe paper currency)