Chapter 3

OXIDATION
AND
REDUCTION
 Redox Reaction :
Oxidation Reduction
1. Gain of oxygen 1. Loss of oxygen
2. Loss of hydrogen 2. Gain of hydrogen
3. Increase in oxidation 3. Decrease in oxidation
number number
4. Loss of electrons 4. Gain of electron
 REDOX REACTIONS
Defined as reaction in which both Oxidation and
Reduction occur simultaneously.
Reducing agent:
• Chemical substance that causes reduction
in another substance and itself is oxidised

oxidation

C + 2CuO → CO2 + 2Cu

Reduction
Oxidising agent:
•Chemical substance that causes oxidation in another substance
and itself is reduced
 Reducing agent:
•Causes reduction in another substance.
•Itself oxidised

oxidation

Zn + CuO → ZnO + Cu
Reduction
Oxidising agent:
•Causes oxidation in another substance
•Itself reduced
 EXAMPLE :
Oxidation
Reducing
Agent Mg (s) + H2O (g) → MgO (s) + H2 (g)
Reduction
Oxidising agent

Activity
1 : a balance chemical equation for each
Write
equations given below. Then identify the oxidation,
reduction, oxidising agent and reducing agent for
each equations.
a. Iron(II) oxide + carbon monoxide → iron + carbon dioxide
b. Ammonia + copper(II) oxide → nitrogen + water +copper
Oxidation number/oxidation state
- the imaginary charge of an atom if it exists
as ion .
Rules for assigning oxidation number ???
Rule Example
1. The oxidation no. of atoms H2,O2,N2, F2 , Cl2 , Br2
in elements is zero I2 , Mg , C , and others
-oxidation no. is zero
2. The oxidation no. of a Cu2+-oxidation no is +2
monoatomic ion is the Br- - oxidation no is -1
charge of the ion . O2-- oxidation no is -2
3.The sum of oxidation no. of a
Cr2O72- , MnO4- , CrO42-,
polyatomic ion is equal to the
charge of the polyatomic ion . IO 3
-
, SO4
2-
, NO 3
-

-bolehkan kita cari oxidation no. Find the oxidation no. of

certain unsur the underline element
 Rules for assigning oxidation number ???
Rule
4.The sum of oxidation no. of
a compound is equal to
zero
-bolehkan kita cari oxidation
no. certain element
5. Special cases
a)All group 1 elements have
the oxidation no. +1
b)All group 2 elements have
the oxidation no. +2
c)All group 13 elements have
the oxidation no. +3
Example
KMnO4 , K2Cr2O7 , K2CrO4
KIO3 , KClO3 , Na2SO4
Find the oxidation no.
of the underline element
Element Na in NaCl
Element K in K2O
Element Li in LiCl
Element Mg in MgCl2
Element Ca in CaCO2
Element Al in AlCl3
 Rules for assigning oxidation number ???
Rule
d)All group 17 elements have
the oxidation no. -1 in most
their compounds, except if
they are attached to the
more electronegative element,
oxidation no. is (+)
e)Oxygen has the oxidation
no. -2 in most of its
compounds, except in
peroxide, oxidation no. is -
f) 1
Hydrogen has the oxidation
no. +1 in most of its
compounds, except in
metal hydrides , oxidation
no. is -1
Example
Element Cl in NaCl – (-1)
Element Br in MgBr2– (-1)
KClO3 , NaBrO3 , KIO , KIO3
Find the oxidation no. of
The underline elements.
Element O in Al2O3 (-2)
Element O in MgO– (-2)
H2O2 ,Find the oxidation no.
of the underline elements.
Element H in HCl (+1)
Element H in NH3 (+1)
NaH , MgH2 Find the
oxidation no.of the
 Calculate the oxidation number of these
underlined elements

a) Fe2O3 Assuming the oxidation no. of Fe is X

2(X) + 3(-2) = 0
2X= +6
X= +3
b) NH3
c) KMnO4
d) ClO3-
e) SnCl4
f) K2Cr2O7
g) (NH4)2CO3
 RULES FOR ASSIGNING [O] NUMBERS
a. Atoms in elements, [O] number = 0
Contoh
: Elements FORMULA [O] Number
Hydrogen H2 0
Copper Cu 0
Sulphur S 0
b. For Simple ions, the charge is the [O] number
Simple Ion [O] number
Group 1: Li+, Na+, K+ +1
Mg2+,Cu2+,Ca2+,Zn2+ +2
Al3+,Fe3+,Cr3+ +3
Halide ion : F-, Cl-, Br- -1
 Naming of Compound based on IUPAC system

1. For the compound that consists a metal that have more than one
oxidation number – it is mention in a bracket after the element’s
name.

Chemical Oxidation IUPAC name

formulae number
FeCl2 +2 Iron (II) chloride
FeCl3 +3 Iron (III) chloride
Cu2O +1 Copper (I) oxide
CuO +2 Copper (II) oxide
Mn(NO3)2 +2 Manganese (II) nitrate
MnO2 +4 Manganese (IV) oxide
2. For the negative ions that consists of metal that has more than
one oxidation number, it is mention after the element name in a
bracket
Chemical Oxidation IUPAC name
formulae number
K2MnO4 +6 Potassium manganate (VI)
KMnO4 +7 Potassium manganate (VII)
K2CrO7 +6 Potassium chromate (VI)
K2Cr2O7 +6 Potassium dichromate (VI)
K4Fe(CN)6 +2 Potassium
hexsasionaferrate (II)
K3Fe(CN)6 +3 Potassium
hexsasionafferate (III)
2. For the compound consists of non metal element that has more
than one oxidation number, the oxidation number is written in
roman number in a bracket

Chemical Oxidation IUPAC name

formulae number
Na2SO3 +4 Sodium sulphite (IV)
Na2SO4 +6 Sodium sulphite (VI)
NaNO2 +3 Sodium nitrite (III)
NaNO3 +5 Sodium nitrite (V)
3. REDOX REACTIONS BASED ON CHANGES IN
OXIDATION NUMBER

Oxidation : Reduction :
Increase in oxidation number decrease in oxidation number

Example : Reducing agent

Increase in oxidation number

OXIDATION

O +
2 Fe(s) + 3Cl2 (g) → 32FeCl3 (s)
O -
1
REDUCTION
Oxidising agent Decrease in oxidation number
 Example

2Mg + O2 → 2MgO
Example :
+ + + - + - +
1 1 1 2 1 2 1
2NaOH(aq) +H2SO4 (aq) → Na2SO4 (aq) + 2H2O(aq)

- + + -
2 6 6 2

For non-redox reactions, the oxidation number of

all elements in the reactants and products remain
unchanged
 Activity
Determine the oxidation and reduction process
based on changes of oxidation numbers for each
chemical equation given below :
a. Mg + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2
b. H2 + Cl2 → 2HCl
c. 2Na + Br2 → 2NaBr
4. REDOX REACTIONS BASED ON TRANSFER
OF ELECTRONS

[O] : [R] :
Loss of electrons Gain of electrons

electron acceptor : oxidising agent

electron donor : reducing agent

example
: 2Na + Cl2 → 2NaCl

Oxidation : Na Na+ + e- …..(1)

Reduction : Cl2 + 2e- 2Cl- …..(2)
Example 1 :Reaction Between Acid And Metals
Loss of
e- oxidation

Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
reduction
Gain of
e-
Half equations:
Zn → Zn2+ + 2e- (oxidation)
2H+ + 2e- → H2 (reduction)
Ionic equations: Zn + 2H+ → Zn2+ + H2

Oxidation agent : H+
Reduction agent : Zn
 Balancing Half Equations For
Oxidation and Reduction

Half - equations must be balanced in

terms of
a. The no. of atoms, and
b. The no. of charges
Example : Write the half equation for the reduction of manganate (VII) ion ,
MnO4- to Mn2+ ion with the presence of acid

Step 1 : write the reactants and products involved in the reaction

MnO4- + H+ → Mn2+ + H2O

Step 2 : balance the number of atoms on both sides of the equation

MnO4- + 8H+ → Mn2+ + 4H2O

Step 3 : balance the no. of charges on both sides of the equation

MnO4- + 8H+ → Mn2+ + 4H2O
(-1) + (+) total = +2
total = +7

MnO4- (ak) + 8H+ (ak) + 5e- → Mn2+ + 4H2O

Displacement reaction
More electropositive metal will
displace a less electropositive
metal from the salt solutions of
the less electropositive metal
 Displacement Of Metals From Their
Salt Solutions
The higher the position of the metal in electrochemical series :
1. More electropositive the metal
2. Easier to donates electron
3. More easily undergo
oxidation K
Na
Electropositivity ↑ Ca
Mg
Tendency to ionize Al
(by donating electron)
increases Zn
Fe
Strength as Sn
reducing agent Pb
H
increases
Cu
Ag
 Transfer of electron occurs during displacement reactions :
DISPLACEMENT OF ZINC BY MAGNESIUM FROM ZINC
SUPLHATE SOLUTION

Mg
More ZnSO4
electropositive
metal Zn2+ ion in the salt
solution (less
electropositive)
OXIDATION
oxidized to its metal ions
REDUCTION
Donates electron reduced to its metal
(act as reducing receives electron
agent) (act as oxidizing
agent)
 DISPLACEMENT OF ZINC BY MAGNESIUM
FROM ZINC SUPLHATE SOLUTION
Mg is more electropositive than zinc. Mg displaces
zinc from its salt.
oxidition Loss of e-

Mg + ZnSO4 → MgSO4 + Zn
reduced Gain of e-
Half equations :
Mg → Mg2+ + 2e- (oxidation)
Zn2+ + 2e- → Zn (reduction)
1. Mg is more electropositive than Zn.
2. Mg atom undergoes oxidation by donate 2
electrons to Zn2+ ion.
3. Half equation : Mg → Mg2+ + 2e-
4. Mg act as reducing agent.
5. Zn2+ ion undergoes reduction by receive 2
electron from Mg atom.
6. Half equation : Zn2+ + 2e → Zn
7. ZnSO4 / Zn2+ act as oxidising agent.
8. Oxidation and reduction occurs in same
reaction,
so it is a redox reaction.
 Try ….
Copper metal and Silver nitrate solution

1.Write the half equation for oxidation and

reduction process.
2.Explain the redox reaction based on
transfer of electron.
 Displacement of Fe by Cu from
Iron(II) nitrate solution
K
Na
Ca
Mg
Al
Zn
Fe No reaction !!!!
Sn
Pb
H
Cu
Ag
 Types of Redox reactions
4 examples of redox reactions are as
follows :
• Displacement of metal from its salt solution
• Displacement of halogen from its halide
solution
• Changing of iron (II) ions to iron (III) ions and
vice versa
• Transfer of electrons at a distance
Displacement of Halogen From Their Halide
Solution
Reactivity of F2 + 2e- → 2F-
halogen Cl2 + 2e- → 2Cl-
Br2 + 2e- → 2Br-
I2 + 2e- → 2I-

Example : 2 cm3 of chlorine

2 cm3 of potassium Bromide

Cl2 + 2KBr → 2KCl + Br2

Br2 + KCl →
No
I2 + KCl → reactions!!!!!

I2 + KBr →
 The colour of Halogens in Water
Halogen aqueous solution

Chlorine Greenish-yellow
Bromine Reddish Brown
Iodine Brown

The colours of Halogens in 1,1,1-trichloroethane

Halogen Colour
Chlorine Colourless
Bromine Orange
Iodine Purple
Conversion of Fe2+ions to Fe3+and Fe3+ ion to Fe2+

a) Oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+

Fe2+salt + oxidising agent → decolourisation occurs

Example :
Oxidizing Agent : acidified potassium manganate (VII)
solution

Oxidising
agent

Iron (II) ion

salt
 Loss of e- Oxidatio
n
MnO4- + 8H+ + 5Fe2+ → Mn2+ + 4H2O + 5Fe3+

Reduction Gain of e-

Confirmed by : NaOH → brown precipitate insoluble

in excess NaOH is obtained

Other oxidizing agents : refer to textbook pg 125

 b) Reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+
Reducing agent : Zinc, Zn
Added to Fe3+ salt → the colour of solution
changes from brown to green

Iron (III) ion

salt Reducing ag
ent
 Reductio Gain of e-
n
Zn+ 2Fe3+ → 2Fe 2+ + Zn2+

Oxidation Loss of e-

Confirmed by : NaOH → Dirty Green Precipitate

Insoluble In Excess NaOH

Other Reducing Agents : Refer To Textbook Pg 125

Transfer of electron at
a distance
 Redox Reactions By The Transfer
of Electrons At a Distance

NEGATIVE POSITIVE
terminal terminal

Reducing agent Oxidizing agent

[OXIDATION] [REDUCTION]

Salt bridge:
•Dilute Sulphuric acid
U-tube •Sodium @ potassium chloride
•Sodium @ potassium nitrate
 Example : Reaction of iron(II) Sulphate and
Acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution

Observation :
NEGATIVE terminal POSITIVE terminal
FeSO4 Solution: green brown
-ve
Oxidation
acidiedKMnO4 : purple colourless
Reduction

FeSO4 acidied
KMnO4

H2SO4 - Ve electrode : Fe2+  Fe3+ + e- [O

]
+Ve electrode : MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- → Mn 2++ 4H2O [R
]
Overall reaction: MnO4- + 8H+ + 5Fe2+ → 5Fe3 Mn 2++ 4H2O
 Example : Reaction of acidified KMnO4 and KI
observation :
- Ve electrod : KI solution:
Colourless  Brown

+ve e- -ve e-
+ve electrod : KMnO4 solution:
purple  colourless

acidied KI
KMnO4
[o] : 2I-  I2 + 2e-
[r] : MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e-  Mn 2++ 4H2O

H2SO4 Overall ionic equation:

2MnO4- + 10I-+ 16H+ 2Mn2++ 5I2 + 8H2O
 Redox Reactions By The Transfer
of Electrons At a Distance

NEGATIVE POSITIVE terminal

terminal REDUCTION
OXIDATION

Potassium Iodide Acidified

Solution Potassium
Manganate(VII)
solution

Salt bridge:
•Dilute Sulphuric acid
U-tube
RUSTING AS A REDOX REACTION
Rusting is the corrosion of iron
2 condition for rusting to occur :
• The presence of air (oxygen)
• The presence of water

Rusting is a redox reaction :

Oxygen – oxidising agent
Iron - reducing agent
RUSTING OF IRON
 Fe2+ + 2OH- → Fe(OH)2

O2 O2 O2
O2

Fe2 O3.x H2O

Fe2+ Fe2+ Fe2 O3.x H2O

+ve terminal
+ve terminal e- e-
(cathode)
O2 + 2H2O+4e- → 4OH-
O2 + 2H2O+4e → 4OH
- -

Terminal -ve
Fe → Fe2+ + 2e-
 Anode : Fe → Fe2+ + 2e- [oxidation]

Cathode : O2 + 2H2O +4e- → 4OH- [reduction]

2Fe + O2 + 2H2O → 2Fe(OH)2

Fe(OH)2 undergoes oxidation and formed Fe(OH)3

4Fe(OH)2 + O2 + 2H2O → 4Fe(OH)3

Fe(OH)3 then becomes rust, hydrated iron(III)

oxide Fe2 O3.x H2O
 Preventing of Rusting of Iron
2 metals contact with each other – a voltaic cell
automatically formed :
More electropositive metal : lose its electron –
undergoes oxidation

When iron in contact with more electropositive

metal : Rusting of iron is prevented
If IRON is in contact with less electropositive
metal, rusting of IRON is speeded up

The further apart the metals are in the

electrochemical series, the faster electropositive
metal corrode
 Very
electropositive
K
Na
Corrodes easily Ca
Mg Iron does not corrode if it is
Al in contact with Zn, Al or Mg
Zn
F
Fee
Sn
Pb Iron corrodes rapidly if it is
Less
electropositive Cu in contact with Sn, Pb or Cu
Ag
Not corrode easily Au
 CONTROLLING RUSTING
Speed up corrode : Areas near the sea (NaCl, MgCl2)
In industrial areas : acidic gas (SO2 ,NO2)
Iron in contact with a metal less electropositive than iron

Prevention : Using more electropositive metals

(Galvanising)
Using a protective layer (paint, oil, grease or
plastic coating)

Using sacrificial metal

Using alloys
 To Investigate The Effect On Iron, Fe When It Is
Contact With Other Metal
Practical book
pg 79
To detect Fe2+ ion

To detect OH- ion

 Result :
Test Pair of Metals Intensity of Pink inference
tube dark Blue colouration
Colouration

A Fe + Mg None Present Iron doest not rust

B Fe + Zn None Present Iron doest not rust
C Fe + Cu Very High Present Iron rust
D Fe only Low Present
Iron rust
 Reactivity Series Of Metals And Its
Application
Arranged based on reactivity of metal towards oxygen
Most Metal + Oxygen Metal oxide
K
reactive
Na
Ca
Mg
Al
Zn
Fe
Sn Example :
Pb
Cu 2Zn + O2 2ZnO
Less Ag 4Al + 3O2 2Al2O3
reactive Au
The vigourness of the reaction shows how
H and C
reactive the metal is towards oxygen, O2
not included
 Reactivity Series Of Metals And Its Application
K
Most Na A more reactive metal is able to remove oxygen from
reactive
Ca less reactive metal oxide.
Example :
Mg
Al ZnO + Mg Zn + MgO
Zn
Fe 2Al + 3CuO Al2O3 + 3Cu
Sn
Pb
Cu
Less Ag
reactive
Au
H and C
not included
 Carbon, C and Hydrogen, H in the
reactivity series of metals
K
Carbon + metal oxide Most Na
reactive Ca
Mg
Al
C
Zn metal oxide
H Dry H gas
2
Fe
Sn
Pb
Less Cu
reactive Ag
Au
 Extraction of iron, Fe and tin, Sn
K
Na
Ca Very reactive metals
Mg Extraction of metal using electrolysis
Al
methods
C
Reactivity
of metal Zn
increases Fe Less reactive metals
Sn
Pb Extraction of metal by using carbon as
Cu reducing agent

Ag Non-reactive metals
Au
Exists in element form in earth crusts
In extraction of metal – carbon in form of coke is
used because…
1. Carbon more reactive than zinc, iron , tin
and lead. Carbon easily reduce the oxide
of these metals

2. Carbon is cheap and easily available

3. Carbon dioxide produced is not

poisonous can directly into air
 Extraction Of Iron, Fe And Tin, Sn
Common Ore Main Mineral In Metal Extracted
Ore From Ore
Bauxite Aluminium Aluminium
oxide,Al2O3
Zinc blend Zinc sulphide, ZnS Zinc
Hematite Iron (III) oxide, Iron
Fe2O3
Magnetite Triiron tetraoxide Iron
Fe3O4
Cassiterite Tin(IV) oxide, SnO2 Tin
Galena Lead(II) sulphide Lead
PbS
 Extraction of iron, Fe
Waste gases
Metal ore + limestone + coke

Put in blast furnace

Hot air pumped into blast furnace

CO2 to burn C and produce CO
2C (s) + O2 (g) → 2CO (g)
400oC Both C and CO reduce the metal ore
800oC
Fe2O3 (s) + 3CO (g) → 2Fe(l) + 3CO2 (g)
2Fe2O3 (s) + 3C (g) → 4Fe(l) + 3CO2 (g)
1400oC
2000oC Limestone reacts with impurities and slag is
formed
Hot air Hot air
CaCO3 + SiO2 → CaSiO3 + CO2
Slag floats on the top molten metal
Slag and is removed. Molten metal is
Molten collected at bottom part of blast
iron furnace
 Extraction of Tin, Sn
Cassiterite Crushed, grounded and washed

Roasted in the air : Flotation method: Ore + oil + water.

Converts the sulphide of tin Tin mineral : less dense- trapped
to oxide in floating foam
Impurities : burnt off Impurities : denser – sink to the
bottom

Heated with coke and limestone in blast
furnace
SnO2 (s) + 2CO (s) → Sn (s) + 2CO2 (g)
SnO2 (s) + 2C (s) → Sn (s) + 2CO2 (g)
SnO2 (s) + C (s) → Sn (s) + CO2 (g)
Reduction of tin(IV) oxide by carbon
monoxide and coke
Molten tin is drained off
into moulds to become tin
block
Calcium oxide from the
limestone eliminates the
remaining impurities to slag
 Redox Reactions in Electrolytic And Chemical Cells

[O] anode cathode [R] [R] + ve -ve [O]

copper zinc

Cell A Cell B
Electrolysis Voltaic cell
 Oxidation and Reduction in Electrolytic Cells
Electrolytic cell Half equation Observation
Electolysis of sulphuric acid Anode [O]: Anode :
with carbon electrode Cathode :
Ions present :__________ Solution :
Cathode [R]:
Electrolysis of copper (II) Anode [O] : Anode :
sulphate with carbon electrode Cathode :
Ions present :__________ Solution :
Cathode [R]:

Electrolysis of copper (II) Anode [O]: Anode :

nitrate with copper electrode Cathode :
Ions present :__________ Solution :
Cathode [R]: