Circuit

Diagram
Series
Parallel
Series-Parallel
Types of Circuit
There are two types of electrical circuits:
SERIES CIRCUITS
 Loads are connected end-to-end
along the path of the current in a
single close loop.
 If one bulb “blows” it breaks the
whole circuit and all the bulbs go
out.
Parallel circuits
 Loads are connected side-by-side
across the path of the current.
 The current flowing in each branch
is independent of each other when
one branch or load opens, the other
loads will still function.
 If one bulb “blows” there
would still be complete circuits
to the other bulb so it stays lit.
 Series or Parallel?

1. Would it be better to have the lights on a Christmas tree in

series or parallel? Why?

 Are the lights in your house connected up in series or

parallel? How can you tell?
Series Circuit Vs Parallel Circuit

Series Circuit Parallel Circuit

 Electronics only have one path to  There are MULTIPLE paths for the
flow through. current to flow through.
Series Circuit

 More components = more resistance

 Increase resistance = decrease current (flow)
 Less current = less bright bulbs
 As voltage increase, current increase
Series Circuit

Problem with Series:

 The more devices (resistor) in a series circuit, the less current
passes through (dimmer bulbs)
 If one resistor breaks (a bulb goes out) the entire series is turned off.
Series Circuit
Resistance ( Ω )
Current ( A )
Voltage ( V )
Rule 1:
Series Circuit – RESISTANCE
Resistor resists the flow of electrical current.
 Increase resistance will reduce the rate of which charge flows (current).
 Total resistance goes UP with each resistor since the current has must go
through each resistor
“ When two or more resistors are connected in series, the total resistance is the
sum of all the resistance in the circuit.”

RT= R1 + R2 +R3…
R1 = 20Ω EXAMPLE :
RT= R1 + R2 +R3…
Where:

RT – total resistance
R2 = 40Ω
R1 – resistance of the number one resistor
R2- resistance of number two resistor and so on ……
Hence:

RT= R1 + R2 +R3
R3 = 60Ω
= 20 + 40 + 60
= 120Ω
Rule 2:
Series Circuit - VOLTAGE
Voltage is the electric equivalent of water pressure.
 The higher the voltage, the faster electrons will flow through the conductor.
 Each components has resistance that cause a drop in voltage (reduction in
voltage)
“The total voltage in series circuits is the sum of all individual voltage drops of
the loads.”

ET= E1 + E2 + E3…
 E1 = 10V EXAMPLE :
R1 = 20Ω

ET= E1 + E2 + E3
Where:
ET = 60V ET – total voltage
R2 = 40Ω
E2 = 20V E1 – voltage drop across R1 or load #1
IT = .5V
E2 - voltage drop across R2and so on.
Hence:
ET= E1 + E2 + E3
R3 = 60Ω = 10V + 20V + 30V
E3 = 30V = 60V
 I1 = 10A
Rule 3:
Series Circuit - CURRENT

Current= amount of charge (flow of electrons)

“The current flowing in a series circuit is
the same or constant.”
IT=I1=I2=I3…

I2 = 10A
Hence:
IT=I1=I2=I3
I1= E1/R1
I2= E2/R2
I3 = 10A I3= E3/R3
Hence:
IT=I1=I2=I3
I1= E1/R1
=10V / 20
THUS:
= .5 Amp.
IT=ET /RT
I2= E2/R2 = 60V / R1+R2+R3
I1= E1/R1 = 60V/ 20 + 40 + 60
=20V / 40
= 60 V / 120
= .5 Amp.
IT =.5 Amperes
I3= E3/R3
I1= E1/R1
=30V / 60
= .5 Amp.
 To prove Rule 2: E
I R
ET= E1 + E2 + E3 PROOF:
E1= I1 X R1 =.5A X 20Ω = 10V ET=IT X RT
E2= I2 X R2 =.5A X 40Ω = 20V = .5A X 120Ω
E3= I3 X R3 =.5A X 60Ω = 30V
= 60V

ET= 10V + 20V+ 30V

=60V
 To prove Rule 2:

RT= R1 + R2 +R3
PROOF:
R1= E1/ I1 = 10V/ .5A = 20Ω
R2= E2/ I2 = 20V/ .5A = 40Ω RT= ET / IT
R3= E3/ I3 = 30V/ .5A = 60Ω = 60V / .5A
= 120Ω
RT= 20Ω + 40Ω +60Ω
=120Ω
Rule 4:
Series Circuit- POWER
“The total power in series circuit is the sum of the individual power consumption of each
load in the circuit.”

PT = P1 + P2 + P3…
WHERE:
PT – total power in Watts
P1 – power consumed by load #1
P2 – power consumed by load #2 and so ,on
 P=IxE P
I E
P1 = I1 x E1 = .5A x 10V = 5W
P2 = I2 x E2 = .5A x 20V = PROOF:
10W
P3 = I3 x E3 = .5A x 30V = P T = IT x E T
15W = .5A x 60V
= 30W
PT = 5W + 10W + 15W
= 30W
Parallel Circuit
Resistance ( Ω)
Current ( A )
Voltage ( V )
Parallel Circuit
Advantage:
 The more devices (resistors) in a parallel circuit, does not decrease the current
(does not dim bulbs).
 If one resistor breaks ( a bulb goes out) the rest do not.

Problem:
 Current doesn’t stay the same for the entire circuit.
 So the total current increases = faster electrons
The total voltage in a parallel connected voltage source is constant.
ET = E1 = E2 = E3 …
Therefore:
ET = 1.5V = 1.5V = 1.5V
= 1.5V

The total current in a parallel connected power source is the sum of the
individual current values connected in the circuit.
IT = I 1 + I 2 + I 3 …
Therefore:
IT = 1A + 1A + 1A
= 3A
RULE 1:
Parallel Circuit- RESISTANCE
“The resistance in parallel circuit is the reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of all the branches. The
total resistance is always lower than the lowest value in the circuits once the resistance decreases.”
 Resistors added side-by-side
 The more path, the less TOTAL resistance

1/RT= 1/R1 + 1/R2 +1/R3…

If the resistance in all branches is equal:
RT= R
N
1/RT= 1/R1 + 1/R2 +1/R3…
If the resistance in all branches is equal:
RT= R
N
Where:
RT – total resistance in Ohms
R – resistance of one resistor
N – number of resistors in the circuits.

If there are only two resistors of different resistance value:

RT= R1 x R2
R1 + R2
 RULE 2:
Parallel Circuit- VOLTAGE
“The voltage in parallel circuit is always equal to the voltage drop
in each load.”
 A charge only passes through a single resistor.

Hence:
E T = E 1 = E 2 = E3 …
Rule 3:
Parallel Circuit- CURRENT
“The current in parallel circuit is distributed in every branch. The
total current is the sum of the currents of each branch.”
 All the paths are used, but the charge divides up into all branch.
 One branch can have more current than another branch.
(depends on resistance in branch)

Hence:

IT = I1 + I2 + I3 …
Rule 4:
Parallel Circuit- POWER
“The total power consumed in the circuit is the
sum of all the power consumed by each branch.”

Hence:

PT = P1 + P2 + P3 …
 Example:
1/RT = 1/R1 + 1/R2 +1/R3
1= 1 + 1 + 1
RT 20Ω 40Ω 80Ω
1= 4+2+1
ET = 10V RT 80Ω
= 80Ω = 40Ω = 20Ω RT = 80
7

RT = 11.43Ω
I T = E T / RT
= 10V / 11.43Ω
= .875A or .88A

Having complete the voltage applied to each load or

resistor, we can solve for the individual current by
using ET, because
E T = E1 = E 2 = E 3 …
 I1 = E 1 / R 1 IT = I1 + I 2 + I3
= 10V/ 20Ω = .5A + .25A + .125A
= .5A
IT = .875A
I2 = E2 / R2
PROOF:
= 10V/ 40Ω
Find : = .25A
IT = ET/ RT
I1 = ? = 10V / 11.43Ω IT
I2 = ? I3 = E3 / R3 = .875A
I3= ? = 10V/ 80Ω
= .125A
To prove Rule #2:
E 1 = I 1 x R1
= .5A x 20Ω
= 10V
PROOF:
E 2 = I 2 x R2 ET = IT x RT
= .25A x 40Ω = .875A x 11.43Ω
= 10V = 10V

E 3 = I 3 x R3
Hence:
= .125A x 80Ω
E T = E 1 = E2 = E3
= 10V
To prove Rule #4:
P1 = I1 x E1
= .5A x 10V
= 5W
PROOF:
P2 = I2 x E2 PT = P1 + P2 + P3 PT = IT x ET
= .25A x 10V = 5W + 2.5W + 1.25W = .875A x 10V
= 2.5W = 8.75W = 8.75W

P3 = I3 x E3
HENCE:
= .125A x 10V
PT = P1 + P2 + P3
= 1.25W
 SERIES CIRCUIT PARALLEL CIRCUIT

RESISTANCE RT= R1 + R2 +R3 1/RT= 1/R1 + 1/R2 +1/R3

VOLTAGE ET= E1 + E2 + E3 ET = E1 = E2 = E3

CURRENT IT=I1=I2=I3 IT = I1 + I2 + I3

POWER PT = P1 + P2 + P3 PT = P1 + P2 + P3
COMPLEX CIRCUIT
(Series – Parallel Circuit)

This circuit is used when it is necessary to provide the various

amounts of current and voltages at different points of the points
of the circuits using only one sources of supply voltage.
Example:

R1=20Ω
In complex circuit, it is easier to analyze and solve the
circuit by grouping or designed points at the branches
as shown.

R2=100Ω R3=100Ω

IT= .5A Find:

RT=?
ET=?
PT=?
R4=30Ω
 1= 1 + 1 RT = R1 + R2&3
GIVEN:
R2&3 R2 R3
+R4
= 20Ω + 50Ω + 30Ω
IT = .5A 1= 1 + 1 = 100Ω
R1 = 20Ω R2&3 100Ω 100Ω
R2 = 100Ω 1= 1+1 ET = IT x RT
R3 = 100Ω R2&3 100Ω = .5A x 100Ω
R2&3 = = 50V
R4 = 30Ω 100
2

R2&3 = 50Ω PT = IT x ET
= .5A x 50V
= 25W
FIND THE MISSING VALUES:
GIVEN: 1= 1 + 1 1= 1 + 1
R1&2 R1 R2 R3&4 R3 R4
VT = 24V
1= 1 + 1 1= 1 + 1
R1 = 100Ω
R1&2 100Ω 250Ω R3&4 350Ω 200Ω
R2 = 250Ω
1= 2.5+1 1= 1 + 1.25
R3 = 350Ω
R1&2 250Ω R3&4 350Ω
R4 = 200Ω
R1&2 = 250 R3&4 = 350
3.5 2.25

R1&2 = 71.43Ω R3&4 = 155.56Ω

THUS:

RT = R1&2 + R3&4
= 71.43Ω + 155.56Ω
RT =226.99 Ω
IT = VT I1 = V1 I2 = V2
RT R1 R2
= 24V = 24V = 24V
226.99Ω 100Ω 250Ω
IT = 0.11A I1 = 0.24A I2 = 0.096A

I3 = V3 I4 = V4
R3 R4
= 24V = 24V
350Ω 200Ω
I3 = 0.069A I4 = 0.12A
 24V 24V 24V 24V
0.24A 0.096A 0.69V 0.12A 0.11A
226.99Ω
Conditions of a Circuit
1. Short Circuit
 When uninsulated conductors from line 1 and line 2 of a
circuit come into contact with each other without passing any
load or when the resistance of the load becomes unnecessarily
low. This is one of the most dangerous conditions because it
creates a very high flow of current which procedures unusual
heat and may cause fire.

2. Open Circuit
 When the flow of current is a circuit is incomplete or when the
circuit is switched OFF.
3. Closed Circuit
 When there is a complete flow of current in the circuit or
when the circuit is switched ON.

4. Grounded Circuit
 When one un-insulated conductor in a circuit touches the
metal part of the appliance. It causes voltage drain and may
cause electrocution when touched by an un-insulated
individual.

5. Overloaded Circuit
 When the total current flowing in the circuit is more than the
current capacity or ampacity of the conductor or the branch
circuit.
THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!