LESSON

I N T E L L E C T U A1L R E V O L U T I O N S T H A
T DEFINED SOCIETY

A S B EJO
C
INTRODUCTION

• This lesson will give light to the development

of Science and scientific ideas in the heart of
the society.The goal of this lesson is to
articulate ways by which society is transformed
by Science and Technology.
 SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

• Since time immemorial Science has

always been interwoven with the
society.
• Science is as old as the world itself.
• There is no individual that can
identify when and where science
began.
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
• Science is interwoven with
the society.
• Example:
1.The earliest example of brain surgery
goes back around 6thousand years
ago in Cappadocia,Turkey.
Trepanation- making an opening like
a small round hole in the head.
 SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

2. Thousand-year-old
agricultural practice: China's
solution to sustainable farming.
The practice of raising fish in
rice paddies by Chinese
farmers, which is more
than1,000 years old, not only
preserves the environment but
also benefits local communities,
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

3.M U M M I F IC AT IO N
IN T H E PHILIPPINES
• Mummification is a
process of preserving a
deceased human.
• Mummies are classified
based on the method and
the medium of preservati
on.
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
• W hy did the ancient Egyptians mummify
their dead?
• The ancient Egyptians believed that when
someone died, their soul left their body.The
soul would then return and be reunited with the
body after it was buried. However, the soul
needed to be able to find and recognise the
body in order to live forever.
SO, HOW CAN SCIENCE BE DEFINED?

• Science as an idea.
• It includes ideas, theories
and all available
systematic explanations
and observations about
the natural and physical
world.
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

• Science as an
intellectual
activity.
• The study
involves
systematic
observations and
experimentations.
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

• Science as a body of knowledge.

• It is a subject or a discipline or a field of
study, it deals with the process of learning
about the natural and physical world.
(school science)
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

• Science as a personal
and social activity.
• This explains that science is
both knowledge and
activities by humans to
develop better
understanding of the world
around them.
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
• People developed
noble ideas, later
known as Philosophy
to provide possible
explanation to certain
phenomena.
• People used religion
to rationalize the
origin of life.
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
• W as the period of enlightenment
when developments in the fields
of mathematics ,physics,
astronomy, biology and
chemistry
transformed the views of
society about nature.
- Started in Europe.
- Explains the emergence or birth
of modern science as a result of
these developments.
-15th-17th century.
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

• Scientific Revolution" refers to historical

changes in thought & belief, to changes in
social & institutional organization, that
unfolded in Europe between 1550-1700.
 RELIGION VS. SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

- Some rulers and religious

leaders did not accept many of
the early works of scientists.
- Scientific individuals were
sentenced to death suffered
condemnation
from religious institutions.
-These did not stop scientists to
satisfy their
curiosity of the natural
 SOME INDIVIDUALS &THEIR REVOLUTIONARY IDEAS
• Nicholaus Copernicus
-Developed (Copernican Model)
heliocentrism, it is the name given to
the astronomical model published in
1543.
- It positioned the Sun near the center of
the
Universe,
motionless, with Earth and the other
planets orbiting around it in circular paths.
- Copernican Model was banned &
ignored by Rome (16th century)
-idea judged to be heretic &
unacceptable to be taught to
 CHARLES DARWIN
• Famous for his Theory of
Evolution by Means of Natural
Selection.
- Came from a line of
intellectually gifted and
wealthy family.
-Joined the 5 year voyage through
HMS Beagle on the island of
Galapagos.
-Published The Origin of Species
in 1859.
• Challenge religious and
unscientific ideas
that are deemed prominent during
those days.
- Provided the framework for
doing scientific activities
marked by observations &
experiments.
 SIGMUND FREUD
• Famous figure in the
field of psychology
• Method of
Psychoanalysis- a
scientific way to study
human mind &
neurotic illness.
- This method was
unorthodox focuses
human sexuality and
& the evil Nature of
man.
 Human sexuality is the way
people experience and express
themselves sexually.This involves
biological, erotic, physical,
emotional, social, or spiritual
feelings and behaviors.
CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCE

Development of Science
in Mesoamerica:
• Ex: Maya civilization
Inca civilization
Aztec
civilization
CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCE

• Maya civilization
• Lasted for about 2,000 years.
• Well-known for their works in
Astronomy understanding celestial
bodies, predicting eclipse & the
use of astrological cycles in
planting and harvesting.
CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCE
• W eave cloth, & first people to
produce rubber products around 3,000 years.
-one of the world’s first civilization to use a writing,
the
Mayan hieroglyphics.
-skilled in Mathematics, and developed number
systems based on numeral 20.
CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCE

• Inca civilization
• 1438-1533
• Stone buildings
• Irrigation system
• Calendar with 12
mos,
• First suspension bridge
• Quipu (knotted ropes)
• Inca textiles
CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCE

• Aztec civilization
• were a Mesoamerican culture
that flourished in central
Mexico in the post-classic
period from 1300 to 1521
- Contributions:
1. Mandatory education
2. Chocolates
3. Antispasmodic medication
4. Chinampa
5. Aztec calendar
6. Invention of canoe
DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN ASIA
• India
• Well known for manufacturing iron and
metallurgical works.
• Traditional medicine
• Notable in the field of astronomy
• Known for their mathematics (Aryabhata 476-
550)
INDIA
 CHINA

• Substantial contributions:
- Medicine
- Astronomy
- Science & Mathematics
- Arts & Philosophy
- Music & among others
CHINA
 CHINA
– Technology
 MIDDLE EAST COUNTRIES

• Are predominantly occupied by the

Muslims.
• The period of Muslim Scholarship or
the Golden Age of Islam lasted until
13th century
• Placed greater value on Science
Experiments rather than Plain Thought
Experiments
 MIDDLE EAST COUNTRIES

• Ibn al-Haytham
•Regarded as Father of O ptics
(empirical proof)
Intromission Theory of Light
MIDDLE EAST COUNTRIES

• Muhammad Ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi

• Mathematics
- The concept of algorithm
-Algebra derived from al-jabar
The beginning of the title
of one of his publications.
 MIDDLE EAST COUNTRIES

• Ibn Sina
-Pioneered the science of
Experimental Medicine
-Discovery of contagious disease&
Introduction of Clinical
Pharmacology.
MIDDLE EAST COUNTRIES
• Jabir Ibn H ayyan Father of
Chemistry
• The foundation of Modern chemistry.
MIDDLE EAST COUNTRIES

• Golden Age of
Islam started
around 11th- 13th
century
Mongols
conquered Islam.
DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN AFRICA

• Astronomy
• Mathematic
s
• Medicine
• Alchemy
D evelopment of Science in
A frica
DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN AFRICA
- Egyptians are good in
4 fundamental
mathematical
operations
and other
mathematical skills.
- Have basic
knowledge on
Algebra &