PIF Simulacion PAM RTM

PAM-RTM training
Case_01: Linear injection of a rectangular plate
Description objective
Case_01a Linear injection with vent • Basic workflow for RTM simulation
Case_01b Linear injection with vent and edge effect • edge effect awareness
This case represents a common case of resin injection with two variants, “ideal”
case with no side effect, and one more realistic case showing how to set up a “race
tracking” phenomena.
PAM-RTM training
Case_01a
Case_01a: linear injection of a rectangular plate with vent

Objective
>> be aware of the basic workflow for RTM process simulation
Model setup >> Simulation type Filling
>> Material property • Resin: RESIN_A

definitions Viscosity = 0.1 Pa·s
• Reinforcement: PREFORM_A
permeability K1,K2,K3 = 1E-10 m2
>> Material assignment • Part:

related Material=PREFORM_A
Porosity=0.5
Thickness=0.005 m
>> Boundary condition • Region “pressure”

definitions pressure = 1bar
state = 1 (open=1, close=0)
• Region “vent”
pressure = 0bar
Data >> original
>> reference Case_01a.vdb

Case_01a step by step
• Launch Visual-Environment
• Select the Composites and Trade in the

Application Manager
• Set the Default application to Mesh
• Create New File

• Set Length Unit to M in Source Units and Target Units
• Click OK to confirm
• Switch to Top View with Views toolbar
• Select “Curve/Sketch” to create a new geometry
• Define Method to Linear and Project on 3-D
• Default Part ID set to 1

•
• Click window to create two different nodes
• Double click the two nodes and define their point

coordinates in Point Definition and Close,
respectively
• Click Apply on Sketch Curve dialog box to confirm
• Close to exit
• Select “Surface/Sweep(Drag)” to create a new
surface
• Set the swept object as Multiple Curves
• Define the trajectory as Vector
• Align Vector Along the Standard Axis and the

vector is Along the X Axis of Global coordinate
system
• Click OK to confirm
• Input 1 in Distance box
• Select Mesh & Surf to create mesh and surface for

the model
• Select the curve and middle mouse button to

confirm
• A new rectangle is created after confirm
• Click Mesh or middle mouse button to

mesh the surface
• Define the Edge Count as 20 and Set to

Edge
• Click the height edge
• Define the Edge Count as 40 and Set to

Edge
• Click the length edge

Define the element type as Tria in

Method section
Set mesh Method to Auto
Click Create Mesh
Click OK
Click Close on the Sweep dialog box to

exist
PAM-RTM training
Switch Applications from Mesh to RTM
Set Simulation Type to Filling
Select User for Database
Click to open Material Database and create new material

PAM-RTM training
• Right click “All/Resin” to create New Material
• Name it RESIN_A_USER
• Define General Property for resin
• Click Save and then Close
Note: Resin density needs to be defined in any case for filling simulation or filling doesn't run properly,
although density is taken into account in thermal process and the cases with gravity activated .
PAM-RTM training
• Select RESIN_A_USER from User database for the Injection

Resin
• In Output Frequency section, keep the default settings as the

Type is %Fill with a Frequency of 2.5
• Enter Particle Frequency = 1
• Click Apply
• Click Close
PAM-RTM training
• Define orientation with “RTM/Part Orientation”
• Click and select Part 2 from the

selection list
• Click to confirm
• Set Orientation Method to Project Rosette
• Click to create a new Rosette

PAM-RTM training
• Select 3 nodes to define the rosette of the

part
• Click Create
• Click Close
• Select in Views tool bar
• 0° vector is displayed for all the elements
• Click Apply
• Click Close
PAM-RTM training
Select “RTM/Layer Design Manager” to define reinforcement material and

create stacking definition
Switch Database to User and Category to Reinforcement
Click to Create New Material
PAM-RTM training
Right click Reinforcement to create New Material
Name the reinforcement as PREFORM_A
Define General Property for PREFORM_A
Click Save
Click Close
PAM-RTM training
Click on Layer Design Manager

panel to create a new layer
Select PART_2 in Selection List and click on OK
Click on to confirm
Select PREFORM_A in User database as Reinforcement
Define Thickness as 0.005(m) and Fiber Content as 0.5
(i.e. 50% voids) for Layer_1 in LAYER LIST
Click Apply and Close
PAM-RTM training
Select “RTM/Process Condition”
Set the Type to Pressure in Definition section

PAM-RTM training
Define Region by clicking on
Set the Type to Node and select all the nodes on the left edge
Click Apply to confirm selection
Click Close
Pressure defined as 1bar and State defined as 1
note: Temperature of resin has a default value (300 K), but this value is not used in this simulation because at the beginning of this case
the simulation type has been set as RTM, which is an isothermal injection simulation.
Flowrate Correction will be activated if the Tube Length and Tube Radius values are defined.
Click Apply
Click Close
PAM-RTM training
Vent definition
To create vent for this case:
Right click Vent to create New boundary condition from explorer bar
Important consideration about vents: When there is no vent definition, the

program will compute as perfect vacuum. That leads to a simple but
unrealistic case
PAM-RTM training
Set the Type to Node and select all the nodes on the right edge
Click Close
Vent Pressure defined as 0 bar and State defined as 1
Click Apply
Click Close
PAM-RTM training
Select “File/Save” to save the model with a name (e.g. Case_01a), then a .vdb file is
generated
Run the computation with “RTM/Start Simulation”
Define the Number of Processors as 1
Define Solver path to: C:\Program Files\ESI Group\PAM-COMPOSITES\2016.0\PAM-

RTM\DMP
Note: The solver path need to be updated according to the actual PAM-RTM installation path.
Select Save VDB to save the .vdb file automatically when file is submitted to the solver. If the toggle is ON, the .vdb file is saved, and if it
OFF, it is not saved.
Click Log… and the log file will be opened
Click Run
PAM-RTM training
Select “RTM/Load Result”, the GUI will switch to Visual-Viewer

The result file Case_01a_RESULT.erfh5
is loaded
PAM-RTM training
Display filling contour with “Results/Contour”

Select FILLING_TIME in NODE folder
Select Smeared in Contour On/Off section
Check Min/Max ID to show the nodes
PAM-RTM training
Select FILLING_FACTOR in NODE folder

Go step by step by clicking in Animation toolbar
Create an animation by clicking in Animation toolbar
Modify the speed of animation by clicking in Animation toolbar
Move up and down the cursor to modify the speed of animation
Stop the animation by clicking in Animation toolbar
PAM-RTM training
Double click the contour to open Spectrum

Control window
Set the Levels of colors to 10
Click Close
Select All Nodes to show on
PAM-RTM training
Check in the Results -> Stored particles is activated.
In the selection List ->
Select the fluid particle
Right click on the model window -> Tools -> Show particle Trace
Invoke -> Contour -> FLUID_PARTICLE ->VELOCITY

Play the animation
PAM-RTM training
Display Import and Plot Curves dialogue
At Entity Type, select GLOBAL

Select entities: LOST and INJECTED Note that once the
Select Ordinate: VOLUME resin reaches the vent
region, some volume
At Where to plot Select Current page, starts to be lost
current window , Overwrite and multiple
plot option
Click Plot
PAM-RTM training
Select curve , press F2 dialogue…..

, see chart with values… copy
paste….
PAM-RTM training
Case_01b
Case_01b: linear injection of a rectangular plate with vent and edge effect
Objective >> be aware of edge effect in RTM process and its corresponding setting in simulation
New in this case

• added Reinforcement and Part for PREFORM_J
(compared to Case_01a)
>> Material property • Resin: RESIN_A

• Reinforcement: PREFORM_A
type = fabric
• Reinforcement: PREFORM_J
type = fabric

related Material=PREFORM_A
Porosity=0.5
Thickness=0.005 m
• Part:
related Material=PREFORM_J
Porosity=1 (i.e. empty channel)
Thickness=0.005 m

definitions pressure = 1 bar
• Region “vent”
pressure = 0 bar
Data >> original Case_01b_start.vdb
>> reference Case_01b.vdb

PAM-RTM training
Case_01b step by step
Launch Visual-Environment
Switch the Default application to Mesh
Select “File/Open”
Switch the Files of type to VDB files
Select Case_01b_start.vdb to import the mesh
Click Open
PAM-RTM training
Race tracking/Edge effect: is movement of the resin along

the sides, inside the mould in between the gaps of the
preform and the mould; it is also the path of least friction in
the flow
Switch to Top View with Views toolbar
Select “Surface/Sweep(Drag)” to create a new surface

PAM-RTM training
Set the swept object as Multiple Curves
Define the trajectory as Vector
Align Vector Along the Standard Axis and the vector is Along the Y
Axis of Global coordinate system
Click OK to confirm
Input 5 in Distance box
Select Mesh & Surf to create mesh and surface for the model
Enter 3 in the new part ID box
Select the curve and middle mouse button to confirm

PAM-RTM training
A new surface is created
Click Mesh on Sweep dialog box
Set Count to 100 on length edges and 2 on height edges
Set Element type to Tria and meshing method as Map
Select Across Part in Advance tab
Click Create Mesh
Click OK
Click Close on the Sweep dialog box to exist

PAM-RTM training
Repeat the same procedure in the opposite side so 2 runners

are created.
Align Vector Along the Standard Axis and the vector is Along
the Y Axis of Global coordinate system. But this time, flip the
direction.
Enter 3 in the new part ID box to be created in the same part
PAM-RTM training
Select “File/Save as” to save the model with name Case_01b
Switch to RTM with “Application/RTM”
Set Simulation Type to Filling
Define Injection Resin as RESIN_A in User Database
Click Apply
Click Close
PAM-RTM training
Define orientation with “RTM/Part Orientation”
Click and select Part 2 and Part 3 from the selection list
Click to confirm
Set Orientation Method to Project Rosette
Click to create a new Rosette

PAM-RTM training
Select 3 nodes to define the rosette of the part

Click Create
Click Close
Select in Views tool bar
0° vector is displayed for all the element
Click Apply
Click Close
PAM-RTM training
Switch to Layer Design Manager with “RTM/Layer Design Manager”
Create New Material in User/Reinforcement database named PREFORM_J
Input the properties for PREFORM_J
Click Save
Click Close
PAM-RTM training
Select PART_2 from Selection List and PREFORM_A from Reinforcement for
Layer_1
Select PART_3 from Selection List and PREFORM_J from Reinforcement for
Layer_2
Click on No to reject assign
same material to other layers
Define Thickness and Fiber
Content for the 2 layers
Click Apply
Click Close
PAM-RTM training
Create Pressure BC
Pressure= 1 bar , State=1
Create Vent BC
Pressure= 0 bar State=1
Pressure BC Vent BC
PAM-RTM training
Run the computation with “RTM/Start Simulation”
Load the ERF File with “Load Result”
Visualize the FILLING_FACTOR AND FILLING_TIME result
Notice how the resin flows more easily along the edges (Channel zone)
PAM-RTM training
Case_01c
To repeat the process with the new model, creating 2 different rossetes and 2
laminates at 0º and 90º. Resin and reinforcement as you want.
It was created using Spaceclaim

PAM-RTM training
Case_02 series: Central injection of a square plate
Case_02a Isotropic central injection without vent • Injection point creation using mesh tool
Case_02b Orthotropic central injection with vent • Permeability directions awareness and
definition in Visual RTM
• Vent boundary condition awareness
Case_02c Orthotropic central injection with varying vent state • Vent role understanding in Visual RTM
Case_02d Orthotropic central injection with varying vent state • Trigger manager application in Visual RTM
controlled by trigger manager
PAM-RTM training
Case_02a
Case_02a: Isotropic central injection of a square plate without vent

Objective >> to learn how to use Remesh tool for injection point generation
>> use CAD entity for region creation in variant
>> injection gate creation • Mesh
>> Material property • Resins: RESIN_B

D = 0.04m definitions Viscosity = 0.425 Pa·s
• Reinforcement: PREFORM_B
type = fabric
permeability K1,K2,K3 = 3E-9 m 2

related Material=PREFORM_B
Porosity=0.824
Thickness=0.005 m

Data >> original Case_02a_start.igs

PAM-RTM training
• Launch Visual-RTM
• Set to application/Mesh
• Click File/Open
• Select Case_02_start.igs and Open it

PAM-RTM training
• Select Curve/Circle/Arc
• Choose the Method as Centre-Axis
• Define Align Axis Along Standard Axis of Z Axis
• Input the coordinate of Base Pt as (0.25 0.25 0)
• Click OK
• Define the Radius as 0.01
• Click Apply
• Click Close
PAM-RTM training
• Select Surface/Split(Trim Surface)
• Select the surface and middle mouse button to confirm
• Define the surface Split by Curves
• Select the circle and middle mouse button to confirm
• Click Apply
• Click Close
PAM-RTM training
• Select the circle entity
• Right click and select Tools/Delete
• Click Yes to delete the entity

PAM-RTM training

• Select 2D/Automesh Surfaces
• Select the surface and middle mouse button to confirm
• Set Element Size to 0.01
• Set Edge Count to 8 and click Set to Edge
• Click the two semicircular edges of the hole

PAM-RTM training
• In Method section, set the element Type to Tria
• Check Auto for the mesh Method
• Create Mesh
• Click OK
• Click Close to exit

PAM-RTM training
• Switch Applications from Mesh to RTM
• Set Simulation Type to Filling
• Select User for Database
• Click to open Material Database and create new material

PAM-RTM training
Right click “All/Resin” in explorer tree to create New Material
Input the resin name as RESIN_B_USER in Name box
Define General Property for resin
Click Save and then Close
Note: Resin density needs to be defined in any case for filling Simulation, or filling
doesn't run Properly, although density is taken into account in thermal process and the
cases with gravity activated .
PAM-RTM training
• Select RESIN_B_USER from User database for the Injection

Resin
• In Output Frequency section, keep the default settings as the

Type is %Fill with a Frequency of 2.5
• Click Apply
• Click Close
PAM-RTM training
• Define orientation with “RTM/Part Orientation”
• Click and select Part 1 from the

selection list
• Click to confirm
• Set Orientation Method to Project Rosette
• Click to create a new Rosette

PAM-RTM training
• Select 3 nodes to define the rosette of the part

• Click Create
• Click Close
• Select in Views tool bar
• 0° vector is displayed for all the element
• Click Apply
• Click Close
• Define Origin of rosette (define one point)
• Origin + on X-axis will define X axis (2 points to

define a line)
• X axis + 3rd pick to define plane XY and thus, Y and Z
axis (Line and point to define a plane)
PAM-RTM training
• Select “RTM/Layer Design Manager” to define reinforcement material and create stacking definition
• Switch Database to User
• Category reinforcement
• Select PPREFORM_B
• In case, a new material will be defined
• Click to Create New Material

PAM-RTM training
Only for the case of creating a new material
Right click Reinforcement to create

New Material
Name the reinforcement as XXXXXX
Define General Property for XXXXXX
Click Save
Click Close
PAM-RTM training
Click to create a new layer
Select Part_1 in Selection List
Click OK to exit and middle button to confirm
Select PREFORM_B from User/Reinforcement database for Layer_1
Define Thickness as 0.005(m) and Fiber Content as 0.176 (i.e. 82.4%
voids) for Layer_1 in LAYER LIST
Click Apply, and then Close

PAM-RTM training
If after defining the layer, the parameter such as Part ID, Thickness… do not appear in laminate list. It is
because the folder icon in “laminate” section in the explorer tree is switched off (white)
Once it is turned on (blue), the list is showed containing the parameter of the laminate.
PAM-RTM training
Choose the Pressure as Type in Definition section

PAM-RTM training
Set the Type to Node and select all the nodes on the hole edge
(other possibilities are possible to define the region)
Click Close
Pressure defined as 5 bar and State defined as 1
note: Temperature of resin has a default value (300 K), but this value is not used in this
simulation because at the beginning of this case the simulation type has been set as RTM,
which is an isothermal injection simulation.
Flowrate Correction will be activated if the Tube Length and Tube Radius values are defined.
Click Apply
Click Close
PAM-RTM training
Save this model as a new one with .vdb format (e.g. Case_02a.vdb)
Select “RTM/Start Simulation”
Define the DMP solver Path: C:\Program Files\ESI Group\PAM-

COMPOSITES\2019.0\PAM-RTM\RTMSolver\bin
Check Save VDB
Click Run
PAM-RTM training
Click on “RTM/Load Result” to load the result file
Display filling contour with “Results/Contour”
Select FILLING_TIME in NODE folder
Check Smeared in Contour On/Off section
Select All Nodes in Options section

PAM-RTM training
Select FILLING_FACTOR in NODE folder
Go step by step by clicking in Animation toolbar
Create an animation by clicking in Animation toolbar
Modify the speed of animation by clicking in Animation toolbar
Move up and down the cursor to modify the speed of animation
Stop the animation by clicking in Animation toolbar

PAM-RTM training
Visualize the PRESSURE animation result (if smeared option is on)
If banded is on…
PAM-RTM training
Case_02a variant
This is a variant in which pressure region uses CAD entity instead of node selection (curve)
This case is saved as Case_02a_CAD.vdb
Set the Type to Curve and select all the curve on the hole edge
Click Close
Pressure defined as 5 bar and State defined as 1
Click Apply
Click Close
PAM-RTM training
Case_02b
Case_02b: Orthotropic central injection of a square plate with vent

Objective >> be aware of orthotropic permeability in RTM process and corresponding setting in
simulation
>> be aware of Vent boundary condition defined in Visual-RTM
New in this case • preform orthotropic permeability taken into account´ 4 vent boundary conditions added
(compared to Case_02a)
 (in following slides): identifying related new operations in Visual-RTM
>> orthotropic • Preform fiber orientations definition in Visual-RTM

permeability effect

• Reinforcement: PREFORM_C
type = fabric
permeability K1 = 3E-9 m2

related Material=PREFORM_C
Porosity=0.824
Thickness=0.005 m
>> Boundary condition • region “pressure”

• region “Vent_1” to “Vent_4”
pressure = 0 bar
Data >> original Case_02a_start.igs or Case_02a.vdb

PAM-RTM training
Open Case_02a.vdb
Note: user can create this case step by step from Case_02a_start.igs, but the most convenient way is just
creating this model based on Case_02a.vdb, as shown below
If new material not included in the database have to be defined
Right click Materials/Reinforcement and Delete
Click Yes
Select RTM/Layer Design Manager
Click to Create New Material

PAM-RTM training
Right click Reinforcement to create New Material
Name the reinforcement as PREFORM_C_USER
Define General Property for PREFORM_C_USER
Click Save
Click Close
PAM-RTM training

Select Part_1 in Selection List
Select PREFORM_C from User/Reinforcement database for Layer_1
Define Thickness as 0.005(m) and Fiber Content as 0.176 (i.e. 82.4% voids) for Layer_1 in LAYER
LIST
Set Angle to 45
Click Apply
Click Close
PAM-RTM training
In the actual case, the new material IS IN THE DATABASE
So, the easiest way to modify the layer preform:
Click on RTM/Layer design Manager
Select PREFORM_C instead of PREFPORM_B
Click on to confirm the change
Define Thickness as 0.005(m) and Fiber Content as 0.176 (i.e. 82.4% voids) for Layer_1 in LAYER LIST (same as the previous
case)
Set Angle to 45
Click Apply
Click Close
PAM-RTM training
Select Check/Element Normals (Orientation)
Click Check
Check Arrows in Display section
Note: After clicking Check, it shows that the element normals are in -Z
direction, so they need to be corrected.
The rossete is not well-defined!!!

PAM-RTM training
Click Elements after Flip Normals
Select all the elements of the part
Note: The direction of all the element normals is changed in +Z direction
Click Apply to confirm
Click Close
PAM-RTM training
Right click on Part Orientation/ORI/ to Edit it
Reselect Part 1 and Rosette_1 from the list
Note: The direction of e1, e2 and e3 are in the same direction with the part orientation
Middle button to confirm
Click Modify
Click Close
If not, the z-axis is in –z
Select again the rosette and confirm.

PAM-RTM training
Choose the Type as Vent in Definition section

PAM-RTM training
Set the Type to Node and select 3 nodes in the up-left corner
Click Close
Vent Pressure defined as 0 bar and State defined as 1
Click Apply to confirm and Close
Create Vent_2 to Vent_4 by the same way

PAM-RTM training
Save this model as a new one (e.g. Case_02b.vdb)
Run the calculation with “RTM/Start Simulation”
Load the ERF Files with “RTM/Load Result”
Visualize the FILLING_FACTOR, FILLING_TIME and PERMEABILITY results
note:
In this case, the preform permeability is not isotropic any more which results in the flow front is not a circle as in the Case_02a but an ellipse
K1 being larger than K2, the resin flows more easily in direction K1.
Note the resin arrival time on Vent_2 and Vent_4: 32 s. It is needed for next case.
PAM-RTM training
Select PERMEABILITY1 in SHELL section
Check Vectors/Tensors
Note: Currently it is not possible to visualize permeability orientation in
Visual-RTM, but it can be visualized in ERF results file with Visual-
Viewer.
PAM-RTM training
Case_02c
Case_02c: Orthotropic central injection of a square plate with varying vent state
Objective >> understand Vent role in RTM simulation
New in this case • vent_2 and vent_4 closed after resin has reached
(compared to Case_02b)  (in following slides): identifying related new operations in Visual-RTM
>> orthotropic permeability • Preform fiber orientations definition in Visual-RTM

effect

type = fabric

Porosity=0.824
Thickness=0.005 m

• region “Vent_1” and “Vent_3”
pressure = 0 bar
• region“Vent_2” and “Vent_4”
pressure = 0 bar
state = 10 (open=1, close=0)
Data >> original Case_02a_start.igs or Case_02b.vdb
>> reference Case_02c.vdb

PAM-RTM training
Case_02c step by step
Open Case_02b.vdb
Note: user can create this case step by step from Case_02a_start.igs, but the
most convenient way is just creating this model based on Case_02b.vdb, as
shown below
Right click or double click on Vent_2 to Edit it

Switch the type of State to F(t)
Enter related values into the X-Y table
note: according to this piecewise* line, the Vent _2 opens at the beginning till 32s
when the resin has just reached Vent_2, then closed till the injection complete
Click Finish
Piecewise is mathematical function used to represent a curve

formed of the defined points
PAM-RTM training
Click to export the curve as a .txt file and rename it with vent_state
Click Apply and then Close
Double click on Vent_4 to edit it
Switch the Type of State to F(t)
Click to import the vent_state.txt file
Click Finish

PAM-RTM training
Save this model as a new one (e.g. Case_02c)
Switch to Viewer with “Applications/Viewer
Load the ERF Files of Case_02b and Case_02c with

“File/Open”
Visualize the PRESSURE result
Note: For Case_02b, Vent_2 and Vent_4 always remain open,

so the pressures nearby is ZERO during the whole filling
process. While for Case_02c, Vent_2 and Vent_4 are closed
once resin reaches, so the pressure nearby is Non-zero and
increases with the filling process
PAM-RTM training
Select the window with loading Case_02b_RESULT.erfh5 and Select “File/Import

and Plot”
Pick a node near the Vent_2
Select PRESSURE for the Ordinates (keep all the display settings as default)
Click Plot
Click Close
Select the window with loading Case_02c.erfh5 and Select “File/Import and Plot”
Pick the same node near the Vent_2
Select PRESSURE for the Ordinates
Check Current Page, Current Window and All curves in one plot
Click Plot
Click Close
PAM-RTM training
Doubt click on the legend and open the Legends and Labels window
In the Legends section, input the name of the legends
Click Close
PAM-RTM training
Case_02d
Case_02d: Orthotropic central injection of a square plate with varying vent state
controlled by trigger manager
Objective >> learn how to use the Trigger Manager for automatic closing of vents
New in this case • Vent_2 and Vent_4 have varying state but realized by Trigger Manager
(compared to Case_02c)  (in following slides): identifying related new operations in Visual-RTM
>> orthotropic permeability effect • Preform fiber orientations definition in Visual-RTM
>> Material property definitions • Resins: RESIN_B

Viscosity = 0.425 Pa·s
type = fabric

Porosity=0.824
Thickness=0.005 m

pressure = 0 bar
pressure = 0 bar
state = 10 (open=1, close=0)
Data >> original Case_02c.vdb
>> reference Case_02d.vdb

PAM-RTM training
Case_02d step by step
Open Case_02c.vdb
In the Explorer, right click on Triggers, select New...
Switch the Type to On Outlet
Click in selection section to Select Process Cond. through list
In the Selection List, select Vent_2
Click OK
Middle mouse button to

Confirm
Set the Value of Lost volume

to 0.00001(m3)
Click Apply
Click Close
PAM-RTM training
Modify the state of Vent_2 from F(t) to Const. and set the Value to 1
note: Vent_2 is open at the filling start
Check Trigger to activate it
Click to open the trigger list
In Trigger List, click to select trigger through list
Select Trigger_1 from the Selection List
Click OK
Middle mouse button to confirm
Set the State to 0

note: once above lost_volume condition satisfied, the vent_2 will be automatically
closed.
Click Close
Click Apply and then Close it

PAM-RTM training
Create another trigger “Trigger_2” similarly and impose it on Vent_4. It will close Vent_4 if the Lost volume of Vent_4 becomes larger than
0.00001 m3
PAM-RTM training
Save this model as a new one (e.g. Case_02d.vdb)
Switch to Viewer with “Applications/Viewer
Load the ERF Files with “File/Open”
Visualize the FILLING_TIME and PRESSURE results
Conclusion:
- Both solutions get the similar results
- For Case_02c where the vent variation is realized by defining vent state with piecewise linear curve, more work is required as the user has to run many
simulations to estimate the time of arrival of the resin on a given point.
- For Case_02d where the trigger manager is used, a single run is enough.
PAM-RTM training
Trigger on sensor
 Take the Case_02d as an
example
Right click Sensor and select New to create a sensor
Pick a node near the Vent_4
Click Apply
Click Close
Sensor
PAM-RTM training
Trigger on sensor
Right click on Triggers and to create a New one
Set the Type to On Sensor
Click to Select the Sensor through List
User can select Pressure, Filling or Temperature as the variable
Direction: indicates if the trigger is to be fired when the threshold is

crossed From Below (positive slope) or From Above (negative slope).
Nb. Max Release: The maximum number of times that the outcomes can
be fired.
Then, impose the trigger on the specific BC by the same method as

Trigger_1 and Trigger_2
PAM-RTM training
Case_03:Varying thickness and orientations
Case_03: Varying thickness and orientations

Objective >> to learn how to assign thickness to
shell elements
>> Permeability directions • set K1 and K2 regarding Parts
>> Material property definitions • Resins: RESIN_B

• Reinforcement: PREFORM_D
type = fabric
>> Material assignment • 10 parts: varying thickness

related Material=PREFORM_D
Porosity=0.824
Thickness= [0.003, 0.0048] m
>> Boundary condition • region “pressure”: the thickest end

• region “vent”: the thinnest end
pressure = 0 bar
Data >> original Case_03_start.unv
>> reference Case_03.vdb

PAM-RTM training
Case_03 step by step
• Click File/Open
• Select Case_03_start.vdb and Open it

PAM-RTM training
Select RTM/Simulation Parameters
Set the Simulation Type to Filling
Select RESIN_B as Injection Resin from User Database
Click Apply
Click Close
PAM-RTM training
Click and select the parts from the

selection list
Click to confirm
Click to select Rosette_1 (2)

PAM-RTM training
0° vector is displayed for all the elements
Confirm with green arrow or middle button and Click Apply

PAM-RTM training
Click and select the parts from the

selection list
Click to confirm
Click to select Rosette_2

PAM-RTM training
Click Apply
Click Close
To check the orientation checks\Element normal
Show Arrows
PAM-RTM training

PAM-RTM training
Select 10 Parts in Selection List
Select PREFORM_D from User/Reinforcement database for Layer_1
Define Thickness as 0.0003(m) and Fiber Content as 0.6 (i.e. 40% voids) for Layer_1 in LAYER LIST
Click to create 10 layers in the LAYER LIST
Note: the layer thickness is 0.0003 m and transfer Part 1-10 to Layer 1-10, respectively, so that all the parts are 3 mm thick.
PAM-RTM training
Create the specific parts to LAYER LIST for Layer 11-16 as shown below.
Click Apply and the Laminates will be generated in LAMINATE LIST
Note: the laminates have bewteen10 to16 layers and the thicknesses are between 0.003m to 0.0048m.
PAM-RTM training
Depending on the offset, the laminate with grown differently.

The image below represents the laminate growth for upper,
middle and lower offset
In LAMIANTE LIST, the Thickness(m) for all the parts are shown and
the default Offset is Middle. This will also affect the next slide where the 3D visualization
of the laminate is shown
As shown In the figure below, Lower Offset it selected for this case.
Right buttom click on middle and select lower.
Click APPLY and then Close

PAM-RTM training
Select RTM/Composite Display
Select Laminate for Entity
Select all laminates in the list
Set the Type of Component to Thickness
Check 3D View to check the 3D model
Click Close
PAM-RTM training
Define Pressure (5 bar) and Vent (0 bar)

boundary conditions, respectively
Vent_1
Pressure_1
Part_3
PAM-RTM training
Save this model as a new one (e.g. Case_03.vdb)
Visualize the FILLING_TIME , FLOWFRONT_VELOCITY and

PRESSURE results
PRESSURE at 5.6s
PAM-RTM training
What happens if the orientation of some parts is wrong.
Part 1 and Part 2 were defined with the normal axis of the rosette pointing
to the opposite sense.
The conole shows a warning message: Orientation of

2D mesh normal is not unifor,.
PAM-RTM training
Case_04: 3D flow simulation
Case_04: 3D flow simulation

Objective >> to learn how to generate solid element using surface mesh extrusion
>> solid mesh creation • Mesh  Laminate Mesh

• Split Solid Elements option to create tetrahedral mesh
>> Material property definitions • Resins: RESIN_A

• Reinforcement: PREFORM_E
type = fabric
• Laminate: Laminate
Material = PREFORM_E
Thickness = 0.0025 m
Porosity = 0.5
layup = 0 / +45 / -45 / 90
>> Material assignment • 4 parts:

corresponds to 4 layers

Data >> original Case_04_start.vdb
>> reference Case_04.vdb
107
PAM-RTM training
• Launch VISUAL-RTM
• Click File/Open
• Select Case_04_start.vdb and Open it

PAM-RTM training
Set the Simulation Type to Filling
Select RESIN_A as Injection Resin from User Database
Set the Type of Output Frequency to Step, Frequency to 10
Click Apply
Click Close
PAM-RTM training

Switch to User Database and Reinforcement Category
PAM-RTM training

Select Part 7 in Selection List
Select PREFORM_E from User/Reinforcement database for Layer_1
Click to create 4 layers in the LAYER LIST
Enter the Angle for each layer based on [0/45/-45/90] layup
PAM-RTM training
Click Apply and the Laminates will be generated in LAMINATE LIST
In LAMIANTE LIST, the Thickness(m) for all the parts are shown and the default Offset is Middle.
Right click on Middle and select Lower
Click APPLY and then Close

PAM-RTM training
Select Mesh/3D Creation/Laminate Mesh
In Laminate Mesh, select By Laminate Thickness as Mesh

Options
Check Split All to Tetra
Click Create
Note: the laminates with 4 layers will be created by the thickness as

defined in Layer Design Manager from bottom to top
Click Close
PAM-RTM training
Check 2D Parts from the Part List
Click and select the part_7 from the selection list
Click to confirm
Select Rosette1
PAM-RTM training
Click Apply
PAM-RTM training

Click and select the parts from the selection list
Click to confirm
Set Orientation Method to From Skin
Select ORIENTATION_1 from selection list
Click to confirm
Click Apply
Click Close
PAM-RTM training

Define Pressure (1 bar) boundary condition
Condition is set to element faces, not nodes
PAM-RTM training
Save this model as a new one (e.g. Case_04.vdb)
Visualize the FILLING_FACTOR, FILLING_TIME and PRESSURE results
FILLING_FACTOR at 0.023s
PRESSURE at 277s, unit: bar
PAM-RTM training
To execute the section cut -> From Menu bar ->

Sections -> Section Cut
Results -> Contour -> Velocity

PAM-RTM training
To execute the section cut -> From Menu bar -> Sections -> Section Cut
Add section X-Y
Check in Model , Clipping Plane
Use the translate button to move the section plane
PAM-RTM training
Case_05: Whole RTM process analyses of a part with an insert
•Case_05 series
Case_05a Mold preheating analysis • awareness of Preheating simulation in Visual-RTM
Case_05b Non-isothermal injection analysis • awareness of Heated RTM simulation in Visual-RTM
Case_05c Curing analysis • awareness of Curing simulation in Visual-RTM
Notes:
>> a typical solution is to simulate the RTM process stage by stage:
Case_05a  Case_05b  Case_05c 121
PAM-RTM training
Case_05a
Case_05a: Mold preheating analysis of a part with an insert

Objective >> to learn how to perform Preheating simulation in Visual-RTM
Model setup >> Simulation type Preheating
>> Fiber orientations • K1, K2 directions definition as requirement
>> Material property definitions • Reinforcement: PREFORM_F

type = fabric
density = 2540 kg/m3
thermal conductivity K1, K2, K3 = 0.1 W/ (m·K)
effective conductivity K1, K2, K3 = 0.3 W/ (m·K)
specific heat = 840 J / (kg·K)
• Solid: MOLD_1 (for insert and mold)
density = 2700 kg/m3
thermal conductivity K1, K2, K3 = 10 W/ (m·K)
specific heat = 950 J / (kg·K)
• Material database set-up for material reusing conveniently
>> Material assignment • Part “insert & mold”:

related Material = MOLD_1
Porosity = 0
• Part “preform”:
related Material = PREFORM_F
Porosity = 0.5
>> Boundary condition definitions • Region “convection”

pressure = 5E+5 Pa
>> Initial values setting • Initial temperature Fiber = 300 K

• Initial temperature Mold = 300 K
>> exported data •Preheating result

Case_05ag.unf
122
PAM-RTM training
• Click File/Open
• Select Case_05_start.vdb and Open

PAM-RTM training
Set the Simulation Type to Preheating
Set the Process Duration to 3600s and Max time Step to 36s
Set the Type of Output Frequency to Step, Frequency to 10
Click Apply
Click Close
PAM-RTM training
Select Mesh/2D Creation/Extract from 3D Mesh

Click and pick the surface of one side from Part_3
Click Extract 2D
Click Apply
PAM-RTM training

Another possibility is activating only the part 3, and
moving it toward Plane zy
Click on the backgraound then selection \visible
selection and using the box (left button) moving the
mouse covering all the surface
PAM-RTM training
Pick the surface of one side from Part_2

Click Extract 2D
Set the part to 9
Click Apply
Click Close
PAM-RTM training
Click and select the part_5 from the

selection list
Click to confirm

PAM-RTM training
Click to select Rostette_1
Click Apply
PAM-RTM training
Click and select the part_6 from the selection list
Click to confirm

PAM-RTM training
• Click to select Rostette_2
• 0° vector is displayed for all the elements
• Click Apply
PAM-RTM training
3D Parts Orientation
In this case, 3d parts will obtain its orientation from the 2D parts
created and oriented previously.
In RTM\Part orientation Check 3D Parts from the Part List
Set Orientation Method to From Skin
Asign to parts its corresponding Orientation Reference from the list
(ORIENTATION_2D_2 for part no 2, and ORIENTATION_2D_1 for
part no 3)
Click Apply
Click Close
PAM-RTM training
Select “RTM/Layer Design Manager”
Switch Database to User

PAM-RTM training

Select Part 2-3 in Selection List
Select PREFORM_F from User/Reinforcement database for Layer_1
PAM-RTM training
General and thermal properties for PREFORM_F

PAM-RTM training
Select “RTM/Part Manager”
Switch Database to User and Category to Mold
Select MOLD_1
Click No to reject to assign same material to other

parts
Set 300K as initial temperature for all parts.
Properties for this material are shown hereby and can

be created following the same procedure as preforms
but in “mold” folder instead of reinforcement.
PAM-RTM training
Switch Type to Convection to create a convection boundary condition
Click to Define Region
Select Element Face as the region type
Select the element faces all around the mold
Click Apply
Close Define Region panel
Define the convection condition

Reference Temperature: 323 K
Convection Coefficient: 300 W/(m2·K)
Click Apply
Click Close
PAM-RTM training
Right click Region in explorer tree
Select Create Interface to create user-

defined coincident regions automatically, this
will be used the to create the Thermal
interfaces
Right click Interfaces to create New

interfaces
PAM-RTM training
Select Thermal Coincident as the type to define interface
Click besides Master Region to select Region_2 as the master region and click OK
Click besides Slave Region to select Region_3 as the slave region and click OK
Set Interface HTC to 100 W/m2-K
Click Apply
Click Close
Create HTC Coincident 2-3, 4-5, 6-7, 8-9 by selecting the USER_INTF in turns as
master regions and slave regions, respectively
PAM-RTM training

PAM-RTM training
Save this model as a new one (e.g. Case_05a.vdb)
Visualize the Temperature result
Convert the result unit by “Tools/Result Unit

Conversion”
PAM-RTM training
Case_05b
Case_05b: Non-isothermal injection analyses of a part with an insert

Objective >> to learn how to perform Heated Filling simulation in Visual-RTM
Model setup >> Simulation type Heated Filling
>> Fiber orientations • Case_05a definitions quoted directly
>> Material property definitions • Resin: RESIN_C

• Reinforcement: PREFORM_F
K1=6E-11 m2
K2=K3=1E-11 m2
>> Material assignment • Part “insert & mold”:

Porosity = 0
Porosity = 0.5

• Region “flow rate”
(as requirement)
>> Initial values setting • Preheating result: temperature

• Flow rate: 1E-6 m3/s Case_05ag.unf
>> exported data • Heated filling results

Case_05bg.unf
142
PAM-RTM training
Open Case_05a.vdb
Change Simulation Type to Heated Filling
Switch Database for resin to User

PAM-RTM training
Select RESIN_C as Injected Resin
Set output type to Step and Frequency to 10
Click Apply
Click Close
PAM-RTM training
Lee model is used for viscosity Comment: autoctallytic model is used for kinetic
PAM-RTM training
• Right click Parts in Explorer
• Select Extract/Mapping
• Check Mapping
• Click to open a *g.unf file
• Open Case_05ag.unf file

PAM-RTM training
Input 120 in Step (the last step)
Click Mapping
Check Display to show the distribution of temperature
Click Close
PAM-RTM training
• Select “RTM/Process Condition”
• Switch Type to Volume Flow Rate to create a flow rate boundary condition
• Click to Define Region
• Select Element Face as the region type

PAM-RTM training
• Select the top element faces of Part_2 and Part_4
• Click Apply
• Close Define Region panel
• Define the flow rate condition

Volume Flow Rate: 1E-6 m3/s
Temperature: 300 K
• Click Apply
• Click Close
•
PAM-RTM training
FILLING TIME
• Save this model as a new one (e.g. Case_05b.vdb)
• Run the calculation with “RTM/Start Simulation”
• Load the ERF Files with “RTM/Load Result”
• Visualize the FILLING TIME, Temperature and CURE results Temperature/K
CURE
MATERIAL AGE
PAM-RTM training
Case_05c
Case_05c: Curing analyses of a part with an insert

Objective >> to learn how to perform Curing simulation in Visual-RTM
Model setup >> Simulation type Curing
>> Fiber orientations • Case_05a definitions quoted directly
>> Material property definitions • Resin: RESIN_C

• Reinforcement: PREFORM_F
>> Material assignment •Part “insert & mold”:

Porosity = 0
Porosity = 0.5

(as requirement)
>> Initial values setting • Non-isothermal injection results: temperature and curing
Case_05bg.unf
>> reference Case_05c.vdb
151
PAM-RTM training
• Open Case_05a.vdb and save as

Case_05c.vdb
• Select RTM/Simulation Parameters
• Change Simulation Type to Curing
• Set Process Duration to 3600s and

Max time Step to 10s
• Switch Database for resin to User
• Select Step as type of output
• Set output frequency to 10
• Click Apply
• Click Close
PAM-RTM training
• Right click Parts in Explorer
• Select Extract/Mapping
• Check Mapping
• Click to open a *g.unf file
• Open Case_05bg.unf file

PAM-RTM training
• Input 190 in Step (the last step)
• Click Mapping for Temperature, degree of cure and filling.
• Check Display to show the mapping results of the variables in drop-down list
• Click Close
PAM-RTM training
t=0
• Save this model as a new one (e.g. Case_05c.vdb)
• Run the calculation with “RTM/Start Simulation”
• Load the ERF Files with “RTM/Load Result”
• Visualize the CURE result t=1523s
t=3600s
PAM-RTM training
Case_05
Supplementary
For Heated Filling and Curing cases, we should be getting "reinforcement-resin" ply in Visual-RTM to correctly take into account the effective
conductivity specified in PAM-RTM. Currently in Visual-RTM, the effective conductivity is computed using mixture rule in the solver. The
set-up of a ply is shown as following.
• Click RTM/Layer Design Manager
• Click Mixture-Rule in LAYER LIST
• Switch database to User and category to

Ply in Material section
• Click to create a New ply material

PAM-RTM training
Case_05
Supplementary
• Select Reinforcement-Resin as the Ply Type
• Name the ply as Ply1
• Input values for conductivity
• Click Save
• Select Ply1 from user database for Ply in LAYER LIST

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PAM-RTM training

Case_01: Linear injection of a rectangular plate

Case_01a: linear injection of a rectangular plate with vent

Model setup >> Simulation type Filling

>> Material property • Resin: RESIN_A

>> Material assignment • Part:

>> Boundary condition • Region “pressure”

Data >> original

>> reference Case_01a.vdb

• Select the Composites and Trade in the

• Set the Default application to Mesh

• Create New File

• Set Length Unit to M in Source Units and Target Units

• Switch to Top View with Views toolbar

• Select “Curve/Sketch” to create a new geometry

• Define Method to Linear and Project on 3-D

• Default Part ID set to 1

• Click window to create two different nodes

• Double click the two nodes and define their point

• Click Apply on Sketch Curve dialog box to confirm

• Set the swept object as Multiple Curves

• Define the trajectory as Vector

• Align Vector Along the Standard Axis and the

• Input 1 in Distance box

• Select Mesh & Surf to create mesh and surface for

• Select the curve and middle mouse button to

• A new rectangle is created after confirm

• Click Mesh or middle mouse button to

• Define the Edge Count as 20 and Set to

• Click the height edge

• Define the Edge Count as 40 and Set to

• Click the length edge

Define the element type as Tria in

Set mesh Method to Auto

Click Create Mesh

Click Close on the Sweep dialog box to

Case_01a step by step

Switch Applications from Mesh to RTM

Set Simulation Type to Filling

Select User for Database

Click to open Material Database and create new material

Case_01a step by step

• Right click “All/Resin” to create New Material

• Define General Property for resin

• Click Save and then Close

Case_01a step by step

• Select RESIN_A_USER from User database for the Injection

• In Output Frequency section, keep the default settings as the

• Enter Particle Frequency = 1

Case_01a step by step

• Define orientation with “RTM/Part Orientation”

• Click and select Part 2 from the

• Set Orientation Method to Project Rosette

• Click to create a new Rosette

Case_01a step by step

• Select 3 nodes to define the rosette of the

• Select in Views tool bar