CHAPTER 4

RATE OF
REACTION
 4.1

INTRODUCTIO
N TO RATE OF
REACTION
Fast reactions and Slow reactions in
Daily Life
■ A chemical reaction is a process in which one or
more reactants are converted to one or more
products
■ For example, the reaction between the reactants,
colourless potassium iodide solution and
colourless lead (II) nitrate will produced yellow-
coloured lead (II) iodide pricipitate and
colourless potassium nitrate solution as the
products
■ During a reaction, reactant changes into product. As such,
the quantity of the reactant decreases while the quantity of
the product increases in that reaction.
■ Observe and understand the similarities and differences
between the graphs of changes in the quantity of reactant
or product against time in fast reactions and slow
reactions.
■ Examples of reaction in daily
life.
Rate ■ Rate of reaction is the change in the
of quantity of reactant or product per unit
Reaction time
 Among the changes in quantity of reactant or product that can be observed or
measured in a specific period of time to determine the rate of reaction include:

■ Decrease in the mass, volume or concentration

of the reactant
■ Increase in the mass, volume or concentration
of the reactant
■ increase or decrease in the pressure,
temperature, pH value, electrical conductivity,
heat conductivity or intensity of colour of the
reacting mixture
■ increase in the volume or pressure of the gas
released
■ increase in the height of the precipitate
formed
The rate of reaction
of a reaction can
be measured as:
1. The average value
for the rate of
reaction that
occurs in a
specific time
interval.
2. Rate of reaction
at a particular
point of time or
instantaneous
rate of reaction

The rate of reaction

at any particular
point of time or
specific instance.
 4.2 FAKTOR
YANG
MEMPENGARU
HI KADAR
TINDAK BALAS
 Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kadar
Tindak Balas

■ Apabila suhu bahan tindak balas meningkat, kadar tindak balas meningkat.
■ Apabila mangkin digunakan dalam sesuatu tindak balas, kadar tindak balas
tersebut meningkat.
■ Apabila kepekatan bahan tindak balas meningkat, kadar tindak balas meningkat.
■ Apabila tekanan meningkat, kadar tindak balas dengan bahan tindak balas
berkeadaan gas meningkat.
■ Apabila saiz bahan tindak balas berbentuk pepejal berkurang, kadar tindak balas
meningkat.
 tekanan
■ Tekanan mempengaruhi
kadar tindak balas bagi
tindak balas yang
melibatkan bahan tindak
balas berkeadaan gas.
■ Bagi tindak balas yang
melibatkan bahan tindak
balas berkeadaan gas,
kadar tindak balas
lazimnya meningkat
apabila tekanan
meningkat.
4.3 APLIKASI
KONSEP
KADAR
TINDAK
BALAS
Aplikasi Konsep Kadar
Tindak Balas
■ Dalam kehidupan harian dan sektor
industri, faktor-faktor yang
mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas
lazimnya diubah suai untuk mengubah
kadar tindak balas bagi suatu tindak
balas.
■ Contohnya, peti sejuk menurunkan suhu
makanan atau minuman yang disimpan
di dalamnya. Penurunan suhu ini
melambatkan makanan menjadi rosak.
 PROSES
HABER
■ Dalam Proses Haber,
campuran gas nitrogen, N2,
dan gas hidrogen, H2, dalam
nisbah isi padu 1:3 pada suhu
450°C – 550°C dan tekanan
200 atm dialirkan melalui
serbuk ferum, Fe, yang
berfungsi sebagai mangkin
untuk menghasilkan
ammonia, NH3

Fritz Haber
Proses Sentuh
TAMA
T