Internet of Things

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PART-1
 Contents
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 IOT Definition
 Elements of an IOT Ecosystem
 IOT Applications
 IOT Trends and Implications
 Sensing Components
 Wearable Sensors
IOT
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 IOT Definition
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 The Internet of things (IoT) describes physical objects
(or groups of such objects) with sensors, processing
ability, software, and other technologies that connect
and exchange data with other devices and systems
over the Internet or other communications networks.
Internet of things has been considered a misnomer
because devices do not need to be connected to the
public internet, they only need to be connected to a
network and be individually addressable.
 IOT
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 The field has evolved due to the convergence of
multiple technologies, including ubiquitous
computing, commodity sensors, increasingly
powerful embedded systems, and machine learning.
 Traditional fields of embedded systems, wireless
sensor networks, control systems, automation
(including home and building automation),
independently and collectively enable the Internet of
things.
 Why IOT
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 The future of IoT has the potential to be limitless.
Advances to the industrial internet will be
accelerated through increased network agility,
integrated artificial intelligence (AI) and the capacity
to deploy, automate, orchestrate and secure diverse
use cases at hyper-scale.
History of IOT
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Elements of IOT
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Elements of IOT
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 Elements of IOT: Sensors
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 Sensors are used for sensing things and devices etc.
 A device that provides a usable output in response to a
specified measurement.
 The sensor attains a physical parameter and converts it into
a signal suitable for processing (e.g. electrical, mechanical,
optical) the characteristics of any device or material to
detect the presence of a particular physical quantity.
 The output of the sensor is a signal which is converted to a
human-readable form like changes in characteristics,
changes in resistance, capacitance, impedance etc.
Sensors
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 Data Processing
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 In order to make sense of the massive amount of data
our IoT sensors collect, we need to process it.
 Wikipedia explains data processing as “the collection
and manipulation of items of data to produce
meaningful information.”
 In other words, the purpose of data processing is to
convert raw data to something useful.
IOT Data Processing
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 Connectivity
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 Connectivity is a critical component of the Internet of
Things.
 IoT devices rely on networks to communicate with
gateways, applications, servers, routers, and other
IoT devices.
 This communication—transmitting and receiving
data—enables IoT devices to perform the functions
they were designed for.
IOT Connectivity
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 User Interface
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 The user interface consists of the features by which a
user interacts with a computer system.
 This includes screens, pages, buttons, icons, forms,
etc.
 The most obvious examples of user interfaces are
softwares and applications on computers and
smartphones.
IOT UI
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IOT Applications
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Transport and Logistics
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Transport and Logistics
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 Reimagine transport & logistics with IoT. By
connecting your moving assets, the Internet of
Things enables you to run your business like a well-
oiled machine.
 Protect freight, optimize fleet use, deliver services
that scale, even improve driver safety—these are just
a few things you can achieve using IoT software.
Utilities
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 Utilities
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 IoT can be used in customer side in smart meters to
measure different types of parameters, intelligent
power consumption, interoperability between
different networks, charging and discharging of
electric vehicles, manage energy efficiency and
power demand.
 Smart Cities
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 What is a smart city? Smart cities use IoT devices such
as connected sensors, lights, and meters to collect and
analyze data. The cities then use this data to improve
infrastructure, public utilities and services, and more.
 IoT is helping to enhance the transformation of
municipalities into “smart cities” all over the world
with its enormous potential. The positive results
include enhanced traffic management, increased
safety, reduced levels of pollution, low energy
consumption, and better quality of life for inhabitants
Smart Cities
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 Smart Building
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 Smart buildings, which connect building operations
through the Internet of Things (IoT), simplify tasks like
controlling building temperature, security and
maintenance through mobile devices and computers.
 An IoT implemented building can be addressed as a
SMART BUILDING which can automate and control the
building operations like fire and safety, security, air
conditioning, ventilation, etc. A smart building uses
sensors and microchips to collect and manage data in
accordance with the functions and services of a building.
Smart Building
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 Consumers
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 Consumer IoT (CIoT) refers to connected devices
designed for the consumer market, like smart
wearables, smartphones, smart home devices, etc., that
collect and share data through an internet connection.
 Products themselves can become smart, internet-
connected things, changing the foundation of the
relationship between the industry and consumers. The
IoT can connect products so they supply data on their
usage and conditions to back-end systems long after
they have left the retailer.
Consumers
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 Industrial IOT
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 The industrial internet of things (IIoT) refers to
interconnected sensors, instruments, and other devices
networked together with computers' industrial applications,
including manufacturing and energy management.
 This connectivity allows for data collection, exchange, and
analysis, potentially facilitating improvements in
productivity and efficiency as well as other economic
benefits.
 The IIoT is an evolution of a distributed control system
(DCS) that allows for a higher degree of automation by using
cloud computing to refine and optimize the process controls
Industrial IOT
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 Environment
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 The applications of IoT in environmental monitoring are
broad − environmental protection, extreme weather
monitoring, water safety, endangered species protection,
commercial farming, and more. In these applications,
sensors detect and measure every type of environmental
change.
 IoT sensors reduce energy consumption, generate renewable
energy on-site, and measure carbon consumption plus
waste. A recent report has revealed that 'smart' measures in
the energy sector have been projected to result in saving
more than 2 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide per annum.
Environment
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 Agriculture
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 IoT smart farming solutions is a system that is built for
monitoring the crop field with the help of sensors (light,
humidity, temperature, soil moisture, crop health, etc.)
and automating the irrigation system. The farmers can
monitor the field conditions from anywhere.
 IoT based Smart Farming improves the entire Agriculture
system by monitoring the field in real-time. With the help
of sensors and interconnectivity, the Internet of Things in
Agriculture has not only saved the time of the farmers but
has also reduced the extravagant use of resources such as
Water and Electricity.
Agriculture
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IOT
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 IOT
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 While sensors and edge devices are important for
many IoT technology solutions, wearable IoT devices
shouldn't be overlooked. Smart watches, earbuds,
and extended reality (AR/VR) headsets are
important wearable IoT devices that are making
waves in 2022 and will only continue to evolve
 Some of the Common Trends are: Artificial IOT,
Cloud Based IOT, Wearable IOT, Smart Home and
Smart Cities
 IOT Sensing Components
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 The IoT and its counterpart, the Industrial Internet of
Things (IIoT), are bringing sensor usage to a new
level. Broadly speaking, sensors are devices that
detect and respond to changes in an environment.
Inputs can come from a variety of sources such as
light, temperature, motion and pressure.
IOT Sensing
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IOT Sensor Architecture
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Types of Sensors
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 IR Sensor
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 An infrared sensor is an electronic instrument which
is used to sense certain characteristics of its
surroundings by either emitting and/or detecting
infrared radiation. Infrared sensors are also capable
of measuring the heat being emitted by an object and
detecting motion. Many of these types of sensors
only measure infrared radiation, rather than emitting
it, and thus are known as passive infrared (PIR)
sensors.
IR Sensor
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 Gas Sensor
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 A gas detector is a device that detects the presence of
gases in an area, often as part of a safety system. A
gas detector can sound an alarm to operators in the
area where the leak is occurring, giving them the
opportunity to leave. This type of device is important
because there are many gases that can be harmful to
organic life, such as humans or animals.
Gas Sensor
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 Temperature Sensors
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 A temperature sensor is an electronic device that
measures the temperature of its environment and
converts the input data into electronic data to record,
monitor, or signal temperature changes.
 There are four types of temperature sensors that are
most commonly used in modern-day
electronics: thermocouples, RTDs (resistance
temperature detectors), thermistors, and
semiconductor based integrated circuits (IC)
Temperature Sensors
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Temperature Sensors
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 Proximity Sensor
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 A proximity sensor is a sensor able to detect the
presence of nearby objects without any physical
contact.
 A proximity sensor often emits an electromagnetic
field or a beam of electromagnetic radiation
(infrared, for instance), and looks for changes in the
field or return signal. The object being sensed is often
referred to as the proximity sensor's target.
Proximity Sensor
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 Pressure Sensor
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 An IoT pressure sensor is any device that senses
pressure and converts it into an electric signal. The
level of voltage given out by the sensor depends on
the level of pressure applied. These sensors enable
IoT systems that monitor systems and devices that
are pressure propelled.
 Smoke Sensor
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 A smoke detector is a device that senses smoke,
typically as an indicator of fire. Smoke detectors are
usually housed in plastic enclosures, typically
shaped like a disk about 150 millimetres in diameter
and 25 millimetres thick, but shape and size vary.
 Smoke alarms detect fires by sensing small particles
in the air using a couple of different kinds of
technologies. Once they detect those particles above
a certain threshold, they signal the alarm
Smoke Sensor
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 Wearable Devices
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 Wearable technology, wearables, fashion technology,
smartwear, tech togs, streetwear tech, skin
electronics or fashion electronics are smart electronic
devices (electronic device with micro-controllers)
that are worn close to and/or on the surface of the
skin, where they detect, analyze, and transmit
information concerning e.g. body signals such as
vital signs, and/or ambient data and which allow in
some cases immediate biofeedback to the wearer.
Wearable Devices
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Wearable Device Architecture
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