Tri Jalmo

Program Studi Pend. Biologi FKIP Unila

 General Properties of Sensory Systems

Lecture 3 Sensory/Motor
 Macam sensoris dan alat indra pada manusia
Modalitas Organ sensoris Klasifikasi
sensoris Peseptor Pengindra

Penglihatan Mata
Pendengaran Telinga Telereseptor Indera ttt
Pembau Membran mukosa hidung
Keseimbangan Alat kesimbangan

Sakit Ujung saraf

Sentuhan U.Saraf Mesiner’s
Tekanan U. Saraf Paccini Eksteroreseptor Kulit
Panas U. Saraf Ruffini
Dingin U. Saraf Krause
Pengecap Putting pengecap

Tonus tot Tendon goldi

Tonus otot Serabut saraf Propioreseptor Otot sendi
Kedudukan sendi Sendi

Tekanan darah arteri Dinding sinus, karotid, aorta

Tekanan vena Dinding vena interoreseptor Organ vicera
Inlasi paru-aru Ujung vagal paru-paru
Temperatur darah Hipotalamus
Tek.osmotik dan gula Hipotalamus
darah
 General Properties of Sensory Systems
Stimulus
Internal
External
Energy source
Receptors
Sense organs
Transducer
Afferent pathway
CNS integration
Sensory Receptor Types
Simple receptors
Complex neural
Special senses
Chemoreceptors
Mechanoreceptors
Thermoreceptors
Photoreceptors
Sensory Receptor Types

Figure 10-1: Sensory receptors

Special Senses – External Stimuli
Vision
Hearing
Taste
Smell
Equilibrium
Sistem sensori
 SENSORY RECEPTORS
Sel-sel sikhususkan utk
merespons jenis stimulus
spesifik :
• di lingkungan eksternal
extero-receptors
Contoh: cahaya, panas, dll

• di lingkungan internal
intero-receptors
Contoh: Otot, cairan tubuh

Semua bentuk energi stimulus

Spt : light, sound, pressure, pain, heat
ditransmisikan ke CNS berbentuk
potensial aksi
Mekanisme sensori
Sel-sel reseptor
merespons stimulus
dengan cara yang
khusus
Misalnya: sesitif terhadap
bentuk energi yang terbatas

Contoh: photoreceptors,
thermoreceptors,
chemoreceptors
mechanoreceptors
 Properties of Receptor Cells
Transduction=
Stimulus energy
converted to nerve
impulse

Example
Mechanoreceptors (touch)
1. Proteins respond to membrane distortion
2. Ion channels opened directly or indirectly
3. Current flows across membrane (often Na+)
4. Vm changes (aka receptor potential changes)
5. Signal oftenamplified
6. AP sent or NT released causing AP
Receptor potentials
 Sensory reception
1. Reception of signal
(interaction of stimulus with its
receptor)
2. Transduction of
signal (Process by which a
receptor cell changes stimulus
energy into energy of a nerve
impulse)
3. Amplification of
signal
4. Transmission of
signal to integrating
center(Transfer of sensory
information to CNS)
5. Perception of signal
at integrating center
ADAPTATION – phasic and tonic receptors

Phasic receptors Tonic receptors

Produce APs only during part of the Produce APs as long as stimulus
Stimulus, usually beginning continues
Lecture 3 Sensory/Motor
 Sensory Adaptation
Tonic receptors:
 Produce constant rate
of firing as long as
stimulus is applied.
Phasic receptors:
 Burst of activity but
quickly reduce firing
rate (adapt).
 Fast adapting
Tonic vs. Phasic receptors

Slow-adapting
CHEMORECEPTORS: olfactory, gustatory

terrestrial animals
aquatic animals

Sensitivity
e.g. bombykol (1:1017)
Other mechanisms:
e.g. salt taste receptors –
direct effect of Na+
across channels in receptor
membrane

e.g. sour taste receptors –

pH sensitive K+ channnel
Various mechanisms for
transduction
of taste stimuli
 Transduksi rasa
Transduksi rasa manis
Gula  reseptor
(tastant) Protein G
Adenilat siklas
Protein kinase in active
ATP cAMP
Protein kinase active

Saluran ion K+

K+ keluar

Neurotransminter
tereksositosis
Signal transduction in taste receptor cells
 OLFACTION
Vertebrate nasal olfactory epithelium

olfactory receptor neurons (bipolar) and supporting cells

Signal transduction in an olfactory receptor cell
 Vision and photoreceptors
* All have pigment molecules that absorb light
 Sclera Choroid

Ciliary body Retina with rods and cones

Suspensory Fovea (center

ligament of visual field,
most cones)
Cornea
Iris
Optic
Pupil nerve

Aqueous
humor
Lens
Vitreous humor
Central artery and
vein of the retina
Optic disk
(blind spot)

Structure of the human eye

Sensory receptors and the brain
Sensation Perception
• Action potentials transmitted Interpretation of the stimuli
by sensory receptors to the by the brain
brain
• Sensory receptors Ex. colors, taste, sound, smell
▫ Specialized neurons/epithelial
cells
▫ Extero- and interoreceptors
▫ Convert energy to changes in
membrane potentials and
transmit to brain
▫ Four functions: transduction,
amplification, transmission,
and integration
1. Follow the movement of
the rotating pink dot with
your eyes.

2. Stare at the cross in the

center.

3. Concentrate on the cross

at the center for a long
period of time.
PHOTORECEPTORS
 Invertebrata
A. Light Detection Eyes:
Planaria – Ocellus
Allows for detection of light
intensity / directionality

B. Image-Forming Eyes:
1.Compound Eye (insects / crustaceans) Members of four phyla have
- Consists of multiple ommatidia (facets) evolved well-developed, image-
- Accurate at detecting movement forming eyes : Annelids,
Mollusks, Arthropods, and
Vertebrates
2. Single-lens Eye (Spiders / mollusks)
 Light

Vision
Photoreceptors
 Planarians: Ocelli or eye
spots in the head region
Light shining from
 Light stimulates the front is detected
photoreceptors
 Brain compares rate of
Photoreceptor
action potential coming
form the two ocelli
 Brain directs the body to
Nerve to
turn until sensation brain
form both ocelli are Visual pigment

equal and minimal Screening

 Animal can move to
shade, under a rock
away from predators
pigment
Ocellus
Light shining from
behind is blocked
by the screening pigment
Compound eyes:

Very good at detecting movement

Very good at detecting flickering light (6 times faster
than human eye)
Some bees can see in the ultraviolet range of light
 Several thousand omatidia (facets) in every eye
 Cornea and crystalline cone form the lens which focuses
light on the rhabdom
 Light stimulates the photoreceptors to generate receptor
potential which generates action potential

Cornea

Crystalline Lens
cone

Rhabdom

Photoreceptor
Axons
2 mm

Ommatidium
 MECHANORECEPTORS

touch, hearing,
echolocation,
equilibrium

• insects
• fish and amphibians
(lateral line)
• bats, whales (echolocation)
• vertebrate ear
Sense of equilibrium
Hearing and equilibrium in invertebrates

Ciliated
receptor cells

Cilia
Statolith

Sensory
nerve fibers
Statocysts in invertebrates

Tympanic
membrane

1 mm
Lateral Line and the fish’s
sense of hearing
• Fish are able to sense objects
that reflect pressure waves and
low-frequency vibrations

The system consists of canals

running the length of the fish’s
body under the skin
• Canals have sensory structures
containing hair cells projecting
into a gelatinous cupula
•Vibrations produce movements of
the cupula
•Hair cells bend and depolarize
associated sensory neurons
 Muscle stretch reflex

MONOSYNAPTIC
EXCITATION OF
HOMONYMOUS
MUSCLE

DISYNAPTIC
INHIBITION OF
ANTAGONIST
MUSCLE
via inhibitory
interneuron
Stretch receptors

Responses of
phasic and
tonic (stretch)
receptors to
stimulation
Lecture 3 Sensory/Motor
Lecture 3 Sensory/Motor
Lecture 3 Sensory/Motor
Lecture 3 Sensory/Motor