C C N A : I N T R O D U C T I O N TO N E T W O R K I N G

E SAI VINEETH
2451-19-735-061
Branch: ECE
MVSR Engineering College
 • Networking is a essential part of the modern world

ABSTRACT • Connection between computers establish a network and connection

between humans and lead to a sustainable lifestyle.

• INTRODUCTION
Introduction to networks include architecture, models, protocols and
networking elements that connect users, devices, applications and data
through the internet and across modern computer networks

• One such network, the Internet, is an immense global network of smaller

interconnected networks linking millions of computers.

• The internet has changed the manner in which our social, commercial,
political, and personal interactions occur.

• Most important aspect of the internship is for the younger generations to

be aware of the internet and networking
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKS
The main objective of the project is to familiarize computer networks,
knowing about how the internet is maintained, type of devices used to
construct a network and to build basic networks and observe the behaviour

The internship is performed in Modules 1-17 , concluding with a final exam

INTRODUCTION
in theory and in cisco packet tracer tool.
.
• Module 1-3 Basic Network Connectivity and Communication
• Module 4-7 Ethernet concepts
• Module 8-10 Communication between Networks
• Module 11-13 IP Addressing
• Module 14-15 Network Application
• Module 16-17 Building and Securing a Small Network
 MODULES

• Networking Today • Basic Router Configuration

• Basic Switch and End Device Configuraton • IPv4 Addressing

• Protocols and Models • IPv6 Addressing

• Physical Layer • ICMP

• Number Systems • Transport Layer

• Data Link Layer • Application Layer

• Ethernet Switching • Network Security Fundamentals

• Network Layer • Build a Small Network

• Address Resolution (Cisco Packet Tracer)

 Physical Layer
This module introduces the lowest layer of the OSI model: the physical layer.
This module explains the transmission of bits over the physical medium.

Physical layer is the base layer of the networking models , it provides a channel
for the transportation of bits (data) from one end to other end .

Physical layer accepts and sends complete frames to data link layer across the
network

The physical layer defines the transmission interface between devices and
transmission medium.

Physical layer defines the direction of transmission between two devices:

simplex, half duplex, full duplex.
 Data Link Layer
Data Link Layer is second layer of OSI Layered Model. This layer is one of the
most complicated layers and has complex functionalities and liabilities. Data
link layer hides the details of underlying hardware and represent itself to upper
layer as the medium to communicate

The data link layer of the OSI model prepares network data for the physical
network. The data link layer is responsible for network interface card (NIC) to
network interface card communicatons.

The IEEE 802 LAN/MAN data link layer consists of following sublayers:
• Logic Link Control (LLC)
• Media Access Control (MAC)

The data link layer encapsulates data for transport across the local media by
attaching a header and a trailer to create a frame as shown in the figure
 Network Layer
Network Layer is the third layer of the OSI model . It handles the service
requests from the transportation and further forwards the service request to
the data link layer.

The Network layer translates the logical address into physical addresses, it
determines the route from source to destination and also manages the traffic
problem such as routing and switching and controls the congestion of the
data

Routers implement routing protocols to route packets between networks. The routing
performed by these intermediary devices examines the network layer addressing in the
packet header.

Various Shortest Paths routing algorithms are: Dijkstra’s Algorithm, Bellman Ford’s
Address Resolution
ARP stands for Address Resolution Protocol. ARP is a network layer protocol
which is used to find the physical address from the IP address.
ARP request & ARP reply are two terms associated with Adress resolution

There are two address assigned to a device on Ethernet:

• Physical Address (MAC Address)
• Logical Address (IP Address)

ARP maps the IPv4 addresses to the MAC addresses

ARP provides two basic functions:

• Resolving IPv4 addresses to MAC addresses
• Maintaining a table of IPv4 to MAC address mappings
 Basic Router Configuration

The Basic Router configuration steps are:

1. Configure the device name
2. Secure privileged EXEC mode
3. Secure User EXEC mode
4. Secure remote Telenet/SSH access
5. Secure all passwords in the config file
6. Provide legal notification
7. Save the configuration
Configure Router Interfaces
Routers are not reachable by end devices until the interfaces are configured

Cisco ISR 4321 router is equipped with two Gigabit Ethernet interfaces:
• GigabitEthernet 0/0/0 (G0/0/0)
• GigabitEthernet 0/0/1 (G0/0/1)
 IPv4
An IPv4 address is a 32-bit hierarchical address that is made up of a network
portion and a host portion.

IPv4 gives 232 addresses and the addresses are written in the dot-decimal
notation, which comprises of four octets of the address expressed individually
in decimal and separated by periods, for instance, 192.168.1.5

The three different parts of IPv4 are:

1. Network Part
2. Host Part
3. Subnet Number

A source can send the packets to destination(s) in different ways such as:

• Unicast

• Broadcast

• Multicast
 IPv4

Unicast Broadcast Multicast

 IPv6

IPv6 addresses are 128 bits in length and written as a string of hexadecimal
values. Every four bits is represented by a single hexadecimal digit.

FDEC:BA98:7654:3210:ADBF:BBFF:2922:FFFF

IPv6 addresses are not case sensitive

Different types of IPv6 addresses are:

• Unicast
• Multicast
• Anycast
Transport Layer
The transport layer is responsible for logical communications between
applications running on different hosts

It includes services such as:

• Establishing a temporary session
• Reliable transmission of data

The transport layer is the link between the application layer and the lower
layers that are responsible for network transmission.

Transport Layer Protocols:

1. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP): TCP is considered a reliable, full-
featured transport layer protocol, which ensures that all of the data arrives
at the destination. TCP includes fields which ensure the delivery of the
application data.

2. User Datagram Protocol (UDP): UDP is a simpler transport layer protocol

than TCP. It does not provide reliability and flow control, which means it
requires fewer header fields.
 Application Layer
In the OSI and the TCP/IP models, the application layer is the closest layer to the end user.

It provides the interface between the applications used to communicate, and the underlying network over which messages
are transmitted.

The TCP/IP application protocols specify the format and control information necessary for many common internet
communication functions.

Application layer protocols are used by both the source and destination devices during a communication session.

There are many Application Layer protocols like:

• Client-Server Model
• P2P Network
• HTTP and HTTPS
• SMTP
• FTP etc.
 Build a small network

Project on Building a small network with the following requirement:

1. Build the Network

2. Develop an IP Addressing Scheme

3. Configure Basic device setting

• Configure Basic settings

• Configure Interfaces

4. Configure security settings on Router and Switch

5. Configure the host and verify connectivity

RESULT

• Networking fundamentals
• IP addressing
• Cisco Packet tracer
• Data Communication
 CONCLUSION
The course introduces the architectures, models, protocols, and networking elements that connect users, devices,
applications and data through the Internet and across modern computer networks- including IP addressing and
Ethernet fundamentals.

• Details about IP Header formats and also their usage is learnt

• Knowledge about how a small network operates and security aspects in a network is learnt

• A small network using a router is built in this internship work using Cisco Packet Tracer

REFERNCES
• CCNA: Introduction to Networking version-7 Course material

• Data Communication and Computer Networks Course file, Matrusri Engineering College
THANK YOU!