KALASALINGAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(APPROVED BY AICTE, NEW DELHI -AFFILIATED TO ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI)

ANAND NAGAR, KRISHNANKOIL – 626126.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CE 8811-PROJECT WORK
 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE USING
POLYPROPYLENE FIBRES AND GROUND GRANULATED
BLAST FURNACE SLAG
PROJECT MEMBERS:
J.ANSARI – (951518103001)
R.ILAMARAN – (951518103003)
M.MUNISELVAM – (951518103006)
G.SATHEES KUMAR – (951518103009)

PROJECT GUIDE:
Mr. S.KATHIRESAN M.E., MBA.
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT, CIVIL.
OBJECTIVE:
The main objective of our Project is to study the
properties of the concrete using Polypropylene fibres and Ground
Granulated Blast Furnace Slag(GGBS).
ABSTRACT:
• Polypropylene Fibres are the polymeric fibres used in the field of
construction inorder to prevent stress and thermal cracks in concrete.

• Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) is used in concrete as a

partial replacement of cement is resistant to chemical attacks.

• This being an initiative to learn the properties of the concrete based

on their strengths at constant curing time under the application of
Polypropylene fibres and GGBS at appropriate ratio.
ABSTRACT: (CONT.)

• We prepared a sample of M20 concrete mix design with 0.25% of

polypropylene fibers and GGBS in the ratio of 25%, 30%, 35%
respectively.

• These samples are cured and tested in the laboratory to study the
difference in their properties by the addition of polypropylene fibres
and GGBS as cementitious material.
INTRODUCTION:
• To overcome some shortcomings of conventional concrete such as low
tensile and flexural strength, poor toughness, high brittleness fibre
reinforced concrete has been developed in recent years.

• Addition of polypropylene fibers decreases the unit weight of concrete and

increases its strength. Good concrete must have high strength and low
permeability.

• Inclusion of polypropylene fibers reduces the water permeability, increases

the flexural strength due to its high modulus of elasticity.
INTRODUCTION: (CONT.)
• GGBS prevent thermal cracks and make the concrete resistant to
chemical attacks.

• GGBS increases the Heat of Hydration.

• The objective of study is to analyse and determine the effects of

polypropylene fibres and GGBS on various grades of concrete and to
make a comparative study of compressive and split tensile strength of
various grades of concrete using Polypropylene fibres.
METHODOLOGY:

Literature review

Material collection

Mix design

Casting of specimen

Testing of specimen

Results and discussion

LITERATURE REVIEW-1:
JOURNAL TITLE AUTHOR JOURNAL MATERIAL RESULTS
NAME NAME - DESCRIPTION USED
YEAR

Journal of Assessing the Abu Sayed cement was partially replaced by 15% Cement, Fine Mix proportion 15% fly ash
King Saud influence of fly Mohammad Akid- and 30% fly ash content and aggregate, stone and 0.12% polypropylene
University – ash and 2020 polypropylene fiber in concrete mixes chips, flyash, fiber achieved optimum
Engineering polypropylene at 0.06%,0.12% and 0.18% by Polypropylene performance by showing
Sciences fiber on volume. slump, density, ball higher compressive
fresh,mechanical penetration and compacting factor tests strength.
and durability were conducted for examining the
properties of fresh concrete properties.
concrete Test on concrete in 7, 28 and 90 days.
LITERATURE REVIEW-2:
JOURNAL TITLE AUTHOR JOURNAL MATERIAL RESULTS
NAME NAME - DESCRIPTION USED
YEAR

International An experimental K. Nagaraja- The study deals with the Fly Ash, The test
Journal of investigation of 2019 experimental examination to find Metakaolin ,G examinations
Advanced Research ternary blended the mechanical properties of GBS, explored the
in Engineering and hybrid fiber ternary blended concrete Polypropylene proposed
Technology reinforced with hybrid fibers. Mineral fibre,Steel specimens
(IJARET) concrete (mk: admixtures, such as, Fly Ash fibre. and find the
fa: ggbs): (FA),Metakaolin (MK) and compressive
steel & Ground Granulated Blast Furnace strength, split
polypropylene Slag (GGBS) (10%-30%) and tensile strength, and
fibers hybrid fibers steel fibre 0.5- flexural strength.
2%and polypropylene 0.1-0.5%.
MATERIALS USED:

• Cement - OPC 53 grade

• Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS)

• Fine Aggregate

• Coarse Aggregate

• Polypropylene fiber (6mm length)

• Superplasticizer
SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF FINE AGGREGATE:
S.NO CHARACTER CHARACTER DEFINITION WEIGHT(kg)

1 W1 Weight of empty bottle 0.602

2 W2 Weight of bottle + Soil weight 1.080

3 W3 Weight of bottle+ Soil Weight + Water 1.680

4 W4 Weight of bottle + Weight of water 1.384

SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF FINE AGGREGATE: (CONT.)
EXPERIMENT NAME RESULT COMMENT REFERENCE

Specific Gravity Test 2.63 Specific gravity range 2.5-3 Page 9 of IS 2386:1963
(Part-3)
SEIVE ANALYSIS OF FINE AGGREGATES:
S.N. IS SIEVE WEIGHT PERCENTAGE OF PERCENTAGE CUMULATIVE
RETAINED (kg) WEIGHT RETAINED OF WEIGHT WEIGHT
(kg) PASSING (kg) PERCENTAGE
PASSING (kg)

1 4.75mm 0 0 100 100

2 2.36mm 0 0 100 200
3 1.18mm 0.276 27.6 72.4 272.4
4 600 micron 0.234 23.4 76.6 349
5 300 micron 0.442 44.2 55.8 404.8
6 150 micron 0.040 4 96 500.8
7 75 micron 0.008 0.8 99.2 600.8
8 Pan 0 0 100 700.8
TOTAL 3128.6
SIEVE ANALYSIS TEST: (CONT.)
EXPERIMENT NAME RESULT COMMENT REFERENCE
Sieve Analysis Fineness=31.3 Fineness<40 Page 11 of IS 383-
, Zone-2 1970
WATER ABSORPTION TEST FOR FINE AGGREGATES:
S. CHARACTER DESCRIPTION READINGS (kg)
No.
1 W1 Empty Weight of the Container 0.032

2 W2 Saturated Soil Weight + Container Weight 0.096

3 W3 Container Weight + Oven Dried Soil for 24 0.092

Hours

EXPERIMENT NAME RESULT COMMENT REFERENCE

Water absorption test 6.67% Table 10 of IS 456:2000 Page 14 IS

helps in adopting water 2386:1963(Part-3)
content for the mix
SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF COARSE AGGREGATES:
S.NO. CHARACTER CHARACTER DESCRIPTION READINGS(kg)
1 W1 Weight of Empty Container 3.610
2 W2 Weight of (Container + Oven Dried Coarse Aggregate) 5.162
3 W3 Weight of (Container+ Coarse Aggregate +Water) 7.170
4 W4 Weight of(Container + Water) 6.216

EXPERIMENT NAME RESULT COMMENT REFERENCE

Specific Gravity Test 2.6 Specific gravity range Page 6 of IS
2.5-3 2386:1963 (Part-3)
IMPACT TEST FOR COARSE AGGREGATES:
S.NO. CHARACTER CHARACTER DETAIL READINGS(g)

1 W1 Weight of aggregate filling the cylinder 376

2 W2 Weight of aggregate passing 2.36mm sieve 164

3 A.I.V Aggregate Impact Value=[(W2/W1) x 100] 43.6%

EXPERIMENT NAME RESULT COMMENT REFERENCE

Impact Test 43.6% Value should be less than 45% for Page 6 IS 383:1970
construction
CRUSHING VALUE OF COARSE AGGREGATES:
S.NO. CHARACTER CHARACTER DETAILS READINGS(g)

1 A Weight of dry coarse aggregate sample taken 500

2 B Weight of aggregate passing IS Sieve 2.36mm 170

3 A.C.V Aggregate Crushing Value =[(B/A) x 100] 34%

EXPERIMENT NAME RESULT COMMENT REFERENCE

Crushing Value Test 34% Value should be less than Page 6 of IS

45% 383:1970
SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF CEMENT:
S.NO. CHARACTER CHARACTER DETAILS READINGS(kg)

1 W1 Weight of empty le chatlier’s flask 0.122

2 W2 Weight of (flask+ cement) 0.172

3 W3 Weight of (flask+ cement + Kerosene) 0.373

4 W4 Weight of (flask + Kerosene) 0.330

EXPERIMENT NAME RESULT COMMENT REFERENCE

Specific gravity test 3.138 OPC cement specific gravity ranges Page 1 of IS
from 3.1-3.16 g/cc 4031:1988(Part-11)
CONSISTENCY TEST FOR CEMENT:
TRIAL CEMENT WATER(%) WATER(ml) PENETRATION
TAKEN(g) (mm)

1 400 24 96 40
2 400 26 104 38
3 400 28 112 35
4 400 30 120 28
5 400 32 128 12
6 400 34 136 7

EXPERIMENT NAME RESULT COMMENT REFERENCE

Consistency test 34% Standard consistency of cement Page 1 of IS 4031:1988(Part-4)

ranges from 25%-35%
INITIAL SETTING TIME OF CEMENT:
TIME TAKEN(minutes) PENETRATION READING (mm)

5 0

10 2

15 3

20 3

25 4

30 4

35 7

EXPERIMENT NAME RESULT COMMENT REFERENCE

Initial setting time 35 minutes OPC 53 grade should have initial Page 1 of IS
setting time equal to or greater 4031:1988(Part-5)
than 30 minutes.
SLUMP CONE TEST:
S.NO. MATERIALS READINGS

1 Water 4lit

2 Cement 9kg

3 Sand 21kg

4 Aggregate 26kg

5 Slump value 80mm

6 Slump nature Shear

EXPERIMENT NAME RESULT COMMENT REFERENCE

Slump cone test 80mm This slump value comes Amendment 1 of IS

under Shear 456:2000
COMPACTION FACTOR TEST:
S.NO. CHARACTER CHARACTER DESCRIPTION READING
1 W1 Weight of empty cylinder 4kg
2 W2 Weight of (Cylinder+ Free fall concrete) 14.9kg
3 W3 Weight of (Cylinder+ Hand compacted 16.5kg
concrete)
4 Wp Weight of Partially compacted 10.9kg
Concrete(W2-W1)
5 Wf Weight of Fully compacted Concrete 12.5kg
(W3-W1)
6 Cf The Compacting Factor(Wp/Wf) 0.87

EXPERIMENT NAME RESULT COMMENT REFERENCE

Compaction Factor 0.87 Here the workability of the concrete Page 10 of IS 1199:1959
is medium
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS:
S.NO. POLYPROPYLENE FIBRE
1 Length=6mm
2 Chemical resistant
3 Produce crack resistant concrete
4 Increases impact resistance
5 Increases tensile strength of
concrete
6
SUPERPLASTICIZER-SIKA
VISCOCRETE 1062NS
Aqueous solution of
polycarboxylate
Specific density=1.07
Very high water reduction
Increases strength of concrete
Crack resistant, durable concrete is
produced.
GROUND GRANULATED BLAST
FURNACE SLAG
Prevent thermal cracks
Resistant to chemical attacks
Increases heat of hydration
Specific Gravity of GGBS is
2.85
It is obtained as slag from the
manufacture of cement
MIX DESIGNATION CALCULATION FOR M20 USING
GGBS:
STEP-1: STIPULATIONS FOR PROPORTIONING:
Grade Designation =M20
Cement grade =OPC 53 Grade
Max. Aggregate nominal size =20mm
Mini. Cement content =300 kg/m3
Max. Cement content =450 kg/m3
STEP-1: STIPULATIONS FOR PROPORTIONING: (CONT.)

Max. water- cement ratio =0.55

Workability =75mm

Exposure condition =mild

Method of placing =Pumping

Degree of supervision =Good

Type of aggregate =Crushed Angular

Chemical Admixture type =Superplasticizer

STEP-2:TEST DATA FOR MATERIALS:

Specific gravity of cement =3.138

Specific gravity of coarse aggregate =2.6

Specific gravity of fine aggregate =2.63

Specific gravity of admixture =1.07

Cement grade =OPC 53

Fiber used =Polypropylene

Zone classification =Zone-2

i. FOR 0.25% POLYPROPYLENE AND 25%GGBS:

STEP-3:TARGET STRENGTH OR MIX PROPORTIONING:

Compressive Strength, fck =20N/mm2

Standard Deviation,s =4N/mm2 [IS 10262:2009]

Target Strength, f’ck =fck + 1.65s =26.56N/mm2

STEP-4:SELECTION OF WATER CEMENT RATIO:

From table 5 of IS 456:2000, for exposure condition is mild,

Then, max. water-cement ratio for M20 grade = 0.55

Adopt water-cement ratio as 0.55

Hence OK.
STEP-5:SELECTION OF WATER CONTENT:

From table 2 of IS 10262:2009 ,

Max. water content for 20mm aggregate for 25-50mm slump= 186 lit

Estimated water content for 75mm slump=186+[(3/75) x 186]=192 lit

Adopt Superplasticizer reduced water content to 20%

Hence arrived water content = 192 x 0.8= 154 lit

STEP-6:CALCULATION OF CEMENT CONTENT:

Water-cement ratio = 0.55

Mini. Cement content = 300kg/m3

Cement content = 154/0.55

= 280 kg/m3

280<300.

Hence adopt cement content = 300 kg/m3.

STEP-6:CALCULATION OF CEMENT CONTENT: (CONT.)

As per IS 455, GGBS replacing range is 25% - 70%.

Adopt GGBS = 25% of cement = 75kg/m3.

Total Cement content=(cement + GGBS) =375kg/m3.

Amount of polypropylene fiber to be added =0.25% of total cement

=0.9375kg/m3.
STEP-7:VOLUME OF AGGREGATES:

Volume of 20mm coarse aggregate of zone II for water-cement ratio for

0.5 is 0.62m3.

Water-cement ratio for 0.55 is 0.61m3.

For pumpable concrete these values reduced by 10%

Thus , volume of coarse aggregate = 0.61 x 0.9 = 0.549 m3

Volume of fine aggregate = 1- 0.549 = 0.451m3.

STEP-8:MIX CALCULATION:

1. Volume of concrete =1 m3

2. Volume of cement =375/(3.138 x 1000) =0.119m3

3. Volume of water =154/1000 =0.154 m3

4. Volume of admixture(0.3% of cement)

=1.125/(1.07x 1000) =0.0011 m3

5. Volume of all aggregate =1-(2+3+4) =0.7259 m3

STEP-8:MIX CALCULATION: (CONT.)

6. Mass of coarse aggregate=0.7259x0.549x2.6x1000= 1036 kg

7. Mass of fine aggregate =0.7259x0.451x2.63x1000= 861 kg

STEP-9:MIX PRPORTION:
Cement = 375 kg/ m3

Water = 154 lit

Fine aggregate = 861 kg/ m3

Coarse aggregate = 1036 kg/ m3

Polypropylene fiber = 0.9375 kg/ m3

Chemical Admixture = 1.125 kg/ m3

Water-cement Ratio = 0.55

Mix Ratio = 1 : 2.3 : 2.8

DESIGN MIX DETAILS:
S.NO. TYPES OF MIX MIX RATIO

1 Nominal M20 grade of concrete 1:1.48:2.97

2 0.25% polypropylene and 25% GGBS as cementitious 1:2.3:2.8

material

3 0.25% polypropylene and 30% GGBS as cementitious 1:2.2:2.6

material

4 0.25% polypropylene and 35% GGBS as cementitious 1:2.1:2.54

material
CASTING DETAILS:
• Mix Designation =M20

• Cube mould dimension =150 x 150 x 150 mm

• Prism mould dimension =500 x 100 x 100 mm

• Cylinder mould dimension =100 x 200 mm

• No. of cubes casted =9(special)+3 (nominal)

• No. of prism casted =9(Special)+3 (nominal)

• No. of cylinders casted =9(Special)+3 (nominal)

• Method of Curing =Water Curing

CURING METHOD:
Curing method adopted is Water Curing.

Water curing can be done in following ways,

 Immersion

 Ponding

 Spraying or Fogging

 Wet covering

The water curing method adopted is Immersion.

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE AFTER 7 DAYS
CURING:
S.NO. TRIAL CUBES COMPRESSIVE LOAD COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH IN
(kN) 7 DAYS (N/mm2)

1 Nominal M20 concrete 280 12.4

2 0.25% Polypropylene and 25% 300 13.33

GGBS as cementitious material

3 0.25% Polypropylene and 30% 340 15.1

GGBS as cementitious material

4 0.25% Polypropylene and 35% 370 16.4

GGBS as cementitious material
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE AFTER 14
DAYS CURING:
S.NO. TRIAL CUBES COMPRESSIVE LOAD (kN) COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH IN
14 DAYS (N/mm2)
1 Nominal M20 concrete 380 16.89
2 0.25% Polypropylene and 390 17.33
25% GGBS as cementitious
material

3 0.25% Polypropylene and 420 18.67

30% GGBS as cementitious
material

4 0.25% Polypropylene and 440 19.56

35% GGBS as cementitious
material
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
AFTER 28 DAYS CURING:
S.NO. TRIAL CUBES COMPRESSIVE LOAD (kN) COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH IN
28 DAYS (N/mm2)
1 Nominal M20 concrete 450 20
2 0.25% Polypropylene and 25% 460 20.44
GGBS as cementitious material
3 0.25% Polypropylene and 30% 480 21.33
GGBS as cementitious material
4 0.25% Polypropylene and 35% 530 23.55
GGBS as cementitious material
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH BAR CHART:

23.55
25

21.33
20.44
compressive strength in n/mm2

19.56

20
18.67
20

17.33
16.89
16.4
15.1

15 Nominal 25% GGBS

13.33
12.4

30% GGBS 35% GGBS

10

0 curing period in days

7 Days 14 Days 28 Days
SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE AFTER 7
DAYS CURING:
S.NO. TRIAL CYLINDER TENSION LOAD(KN) TENSILE STRENGTH(N/mm2)
AFTER 7 DAYS

1 Nominal M20 concrete 34 1.08

2 0.25% Polypropylene and 25% GGBS as 44 1.4

cementitious material
3 0.25% Polypropylene and 30% GGBS as 48 1.53
cementitious material
4 0.25% Polypropylene and 35% GGBS as 52 1.65
cementitious material
SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
AFTER 14 DAYS CURING:
S.NO. TRIAL CYLINDER TENSION LOAD(KN) TENSILE STRENGTH(N/mm2)
AFTER 14 DAYS

1 Nominal M20 concrete 62 1.97

2 0.25% Polypropylene and 25% GGBS as 64 2.05

cementitious material
3 0.25% Polypropylene and 30% GGBS as 74 2.38
cementitious material
4 0.25% Polypropylene and 35% GGBS as 78 2.54
cementitious material
SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
AFTER 28 DAYS CURING:
S.NO. TRIAL CYLINDER TENSION LOAD(KN) TENSILE STRENGTH(N/mm2)
AFTER 28 DAYS

1 Nominal M20 concrete 82 2.61

2 0.25% Polypropylene and 25% GGBS as 92 2.92

cementitious material
3 0.25% Polypropylene and 30% GGBS as 94 3.0
cementitious material
4 0.25% Polypropylene and 35% GGBS as 114 3.63
cementitious material
SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH BAR CHART:
4
3.63
split tensile strength in n/mm2

3.5

2.92 3
3

2.54 2.61
2.5 2.38

1.97 2.05 Nominal 25% GGBS

2
1.65
1.53
1.5 1.4
1.08
1 30% GGBS 35% GGBS

0.5

0
7 Days 14 Days 28 Days
curing period in days
FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF CONCRETE AFTER 7
DAYS CURING:
S.NO TRIAL PRISM PEAK LOAD (KN) MODULUS OF FLEXURE
. AFTER 7 DAYS CURING
(N/mm2)

1 Nominal M20 concrete 5.02 2.51

2 0.25% Polypropylene and 25% GGBS as 19.83 9.915

cementitious material
3 0.25% Polypropylene and 30% GGBS as 21.3 10.65
cementitious material
4 0.25% Polypropylene and 35% GGBS as 22.1 11.05
cementitious material
FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF CONCRETE AFTER
14 DAYS CURING:
S.NO. TRIAL PRISM PEAK LOAD (KN) MODULUS OF FLEXURE
AFTER 14 DAYS CURING
(N/mm2)

1 Nominal M20 concrete 5.74 2.87

2 0.25% Polypropylene and 25% GGBS as 20.1 10.05

cementitious material
3 0.25% Polypropylene and 30% GGBS as 22.74 11.37
cementitious material
4 0.25% Polypropylene and 35% GGBS as 23.45 11.725
cementitious material
FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF CONCRETE AFTER
28 DAYS CURING:
S.NO. TRIAL PRISM PEAK LOAD (KN) MODULUS OF FLEXURE
AFTER 28 DAYS CURING
(N/mm2)

1 Nominal M20 concrete 6.1 3.05

2 0.25% Polypropylene and 25% GGBS as 22.2 11.1

cementitious material
3 0.25% Polypropylene and 30% GGBS as 24.34 12.17
cementitious material
4 0.25% Polypropylene and 35% GGBS as 24.65 12.325
cementitious material
FLEXURAL STRENGTH BAR CHART:

14
flexural strength in n/mm2

12.1712.325
12
11.05 11.3711.725 11.1
10.65
9.915 10.05
10

6 Nominal 25% GGBS

4
2.87 3.05
2.51 30% GGBS 35% GGBS
2

0
7 Days 14 Days 28 Days
curing period in days
RESULT AND CONCLUSION:
After 28 days of curing, the strength of the concrete is increased in compression ,
tension and flexure.

After 28 days of curing, the concrete with 35% GGBS is 17.75%, 39.08%, 304%
higher than nominal concrete in compression , tension and flexure respectively.

After 28 days of curing, the concrete with 30% GGBS is 5.65%, 14.94%, 299% higher
than nominal concrete in compression , tension and flexure respectively.

After 28 days of curing, the concrete with 25% GGBS is 2.2%, 11.87%, 264% higher
than nominal concrete in compression , tension and flexure respectively.
RESULT AND CONCLUSION: (CONT.)
The increase of strength in compression, tension and flexure is due to the addition
of polypropylene fiber, ground granulated blast furnace slag as cementitious
material and addition of superplasticizer.

The addition of superplasticizer confirmed that it greatly increased the flexural

strength of concrete.

The purpose of this project is fully satisfied with the result obtained during the
experiments conducted.
APPLICATION:
 Tunnel works and bridge decks.

 Slabs with more application of point load.

 Crack resistant structures.

 Buildings that are prone to achieve high deflection.

 Can be used in dry areas.

 Can be used in unstable weather conditions since quick setting due to

superplasticizer.

 Pavements of the streets and highways.

REFERENCES:
• Nagarkar P, Tambe S, Pazare D, Study of fibre reinforced concrete; 1987.

• ACI Committee 544, ‘Measurement of Properties of Fiber Reinforced concrete’, ACI

544, R96.

• IS 456: 2000 – Plain and Reinforced Concrete.

• IS 12069:1987-Specification of 53 grade ordinary Portland cement

• IS 383:1970-Specification for coarse and fine aggregates from natural sources for
concrete.

• IS 516:1959- Method of test for strength of concrete.

• IS 6461:1972 (Part 1 to 11)

REFERENCES: (CONT.)
• IS 4031, “Indian Standard Specification for Physical Test for Hydraulic Cement–
Determination of Compressive Strength, Bureau of Indian Standards”, New Delhi,
1988.

• IS 10262, “Recommended Guidelines for Concrete Mix Design”, Bureau of Indian

Standards, New Delhi, 1982.

• Akid, A. S. M., et al. (2021). "Assessing the influence of fly ash and polypropylene
fiber on fresh, mechanical and durability properties of concrete." Journal of King
Saud University of Engineering Sciences.
THANK YOU