CHAPTER 1:

INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY
 YOU WILL LEARN ABOUT:

1) THE MEANING OF 2) THE CAREERS THAT 3) THE CORRECT

CHEMISTRY REQUIRE THE METHODS TO STORE
KNOWLEDGE OF CHEMICALS IN THE
CHEMISTRY LABORATORY
 1.1 DEVELOPMENT IN CHEMISTRY
FIELD & ITS IMPORTANCE IN DAILY
LIFE
A) THE MEANING OF
CHEMISTRY

~ A STUDY ABOUT THE STRUCTURES,

PROPERTIES, COMPOSITIONS AND
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN MATTERS

~ THE WORD CHEMISTRY IS ORIGINATED

FROM THE ARABIC WORD  ‘AL-KIMIYA’
 B) CHEMICALS IN DAILY LIFE

• PRESERVATIVE • ANTIBIOTIC
• COLOURING • ANTISEPTIC
• FLAVOURING • VITAMIN
• ANTIOXIDANT • CHEMOTHERAP
• Y
STABILISER FOOD MEDICINE • ANALGESIC

AGRICULTUR
INDUSTRY
E

• HERBICIDE • PAINT
• POLYMER
• PESTICIDE • GLASS
• FUNGISIDE • CERAMIC
• FERTILISER • DETERGENT
• COLOURING
• HORMONE • ALLOY
 C) THE DEVELOPMENT IN CHEMISTRY FIELD &
THE CONTRIBUTION OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY
 D) CAREERS RELATED TO CHEMISTRY

BIOTECHNOLOGY NANOTECHNOLOGY PHARMACEUTICAL

~ BIOTECHNOLOGY ~ NANOTECHNOLOGY ~ DOCTOR

RESEARCHER ENGINEER ~ PHARMACIST
~ BIOMEDICAL ~ FOOD SCIENTIST
ENGINEER
 GREEN COSMETICS
TECHNOLOGY
~ COSMETIC
~ GREEN CHEMIST
TECHNOLOGY ~ COSMETIC
CHEMIST CONSULTANT
~ ENGINEER
 TEST YOURSELF 1.1
1. WHAT IS MEANT BY CHEMISTRY?
2. LIST OUT 5 TYPES OF CHEMICALS USED IN DAILY LIFE.
3. GIVE 1 EXAMPLE OF DEVELOPMENT OF CHEMISTRY IN INDUSTRIES.
4. LIST OUT AT LEAST 3 CAREERS RELATED TO CHEMISTRY IN THE FOLLOWING
SITUATIONS:
(A) SEARCHING FOR AN ANTIDOTE FOR DENGUE FEVER
(B) PRODUCING PALM TREES WITH A HIGH CONTENT OF OIL
1.2 SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION IN CHEMISTRY
DEFINITION:
 IS A SCIENTIFIC METHOD USED IN SOLVING
PROBLEMS IN SCIENCE
SCIENTIFIC
INVESTIGATION
 CAN CARRY OUT AN INVESTIGATION TO SOLVE
PROBLEM BY USING A SCIENTIFIC METHOD

 IS A SYSTEMATIC METHOD USED BY SCIENTISTS OR

RESEARCHERS TO SOLVE PROBLEMS RELATOD TO
SCIENCE
 SCIENTIFIC METHOD

MAKING MAKING AN IDENTIFYING MAKING A IDENTIFYING

OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE THE PROBLEM HYPOTHESIS VARIABLES

• USING 5 • USING DATA • ASKING • • IDENTIFYING

SENSES TO COLLECTION QUESTIONS MAKING A ALL
GATHER & PAST BASED ON GENERAL VARIABLES
INFORMATIO EXPERIENCE THE STATEMENT (MV, RV, CV)
N ABOUT AN TO MAKE A INFERENCE ABOUT THE IN AN
OBJECT OR A CONCLUSION MADE RELATIONSH EXPERIMENT
PHENOMENO & IP BETWEEN TO TEST
N TAKING EXPLANATIO A MV & A RV HYPOTHESIS
PLACE N ABOUT AN TO EXPLAIN THAT IS
EVENT AN EVENT FORMED
OR
OBSERVATIO
N
• THIS
STATEMENT
CAN BE
TESTED TO
PROVE ITS
VALIDITY
CONTROLLING PLANNING AN COLLECTING
VARIABLES EXPERIMENT DATA

• IN AN • DETERMINING • MAKING
INVESTIGATIO MATERIALS & OBSERVATIONS
N, A VARIABLE APPARATUS TO OR
IS BE USED, MEASUREMEN
MANIPULATED PROCEDURE OF TS &
TO OBSERVE THE RECORDING
ITS EXPERIMENT, THE DATA
RELATIONSHIP METHOD OF SYSTEMATICAL
WITH RV. COLLECTING LY
• OTHER DATA AND THE
VARIABLES WAYS TO
ARE FIXED. ANALYSE &
INTERPRET
DATA
INTERPRETING MAKING A PREPARING A
DATA CONCLUSION REPORT

• • MAKING A • COMMUNICATIO
ORGANISING & STATEMENT ON N IN DETAILS ON
INTERPRETING THE RESULTS OF ALL ASPECTS OF
THE DATA EXPERIMENT ON EXPERIMENT SO
COLLECTED. WHETHER THE THAT THE
• DATA CAN BE HYPOTHESIS OUTCOME CAN
INTERPRETED CAN BE BE SHARED FOR
THROUGH ACCEPTED OR THE
CALCULATIONS, REJECTED DEVELOPMENT
GRAPH OR OF CHEMISTRY
CHARTS & KNOWLEDGE
DETERMINE THE
RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN
LET’S CARRY OUT THIS
EXPERIMENT!!!
 TEST YOURSELF 1.2
1. WHAT IS MEANT BY SCIENTIFIC METHOD.
2. WHY IS A SCIENTIFIC METHOD IMPORTANT IN CHEMISTRY? STATE YOUR
OPINION.
3. YOU ARE GIVEN A BUCKET OF ICE CUBES, A LITTLE SUGAR, A MEASURING
CYLINDER AND A STOPWATCH. PLAN AN EXPERIMENT TO DETERMINE
WHETHER SUGAR INCREASES THE MELTING RATE OF THE ICE.
 ACHIEVEMENT TEST
1. COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING CHART ON THE STEPS INVOLVED IN A SCIENTIFIC
METHOD.
2.
1.3 USAGE, MANAGEMENT AND HANDLING
APPARATUS AND MATERIALS

 LABORATORY IS AN IMPORTANT PLACE FOR LEARNING

CHEMISTRY.
 CAN BE DANGEROUS PLACE TOO
A) GENERAL RULES IN THE LABORATORY
B) PERSONAL PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT
 C) SAFETY
EQUIPMENT IN THE
LABORATORY
D) METHODS OF MANAGING & HANDLING
APPARATUS & CHEMICALS
(I) USING & HANDLING APPARATUS CORRECTLY
(II) STORAGE & DISPOSAL OF CHEMICALS
 (A) REACTIVE
SUBSTANCES
 REACTIVE METALS
ARE STORED IN
PARAFFIN OIL TO
PREVENT REACTION
WITH THE MOISTURE IN
THE AIR
(B) HYDROCARBONS &
 EXAMPLES: Li, Na, K ORGANIC SOLVENTS
 VOLATILE &
INFLAMMABLE LIQUIDS
SHOULD BE STORED IN
SHADY AREAS FAR
FROM SUNLIGHT &
HEAT SOURCE
 EXAMPLES:
HYDROCARBONS &
ORGANIC SOLVENTS

STORAGE OF
CHEMICALS
(E) HEAVY METALS &
TOXIC SUBSTANCES (C) SUBSTANCES THAT
DECOMPOSE EASILY
 SHOULD BE KEPT  SUBSTANCES THAT
IN SPECIAL LABELLED DECOMPOSE EASILY IN
CONTAINERS & KEPT THE PRESENCE OF LIGHT
IN LOCKED ROOM ARE STORED IN DARK
WHICH IS HEAT FREE BOTTLES
 EXAMPLES:
CONCENTRATED NITRIC
ACID, HYDROGEN
PEROXIDE, SILVER
NITRATE, LIQUID BROMINE
(D) SUBSTANCES & CHLORINE
WITH Ph<5 & pH>9
 STORED IN
SPECIAL STORAGE
CABINETS THAT ARE
KEPT LOCKED
 HYDROGE
N
PEROXIDE

VOLATILE
SOLID
SUBSTANC
ES WASTES

DISPOSAL
OF
CHEMICA
LS
HEAVY ORGANIC
METALS &
SOLVENTS &
TOXIC
SUBSTANC HYDROCARBO
ES NS

SUBSTANC
ES WITH
pH<5 &
Ph>9
 HYDROGEN
PEROXIDE
(SUBSTANCE THAT
DECOMPOSE EASILY)

LOW HIGH
CONCENTRATI CONCENTRATI
ON ON
 HAS TO BE DILUTED
WITH WATER & ADDED
WITH SODIUM
 CAN BE POURED SULPHITE FOR THE
DIRECTLY INTO THE DECOMPOSITION
SINK PROCESS TO TAKE
PLACE
 THEN, CAN BE POURED
INTO THE SINK
 SOLID WASTES

• HAVE TO BE DISPOSED INTO SPECIAL

CONTAINERS
• EXAMPLES: GLASS & RUBBER
ORGANIC SOLVENTS
& HYDROCARBONS  MOST SUBSTANCES ARE TOXIC,
CARCINOGENIC, VOLATILE &
INFLAMMABLE

 THIS WASTES CANNOT BE DISPOSED

DIRECTLY INTO THE SINK OR DRAIN

 SHOULD BE KEPT IN SPECIAL CONTAINERS

MADE OF GLASS OR PLASTIC
 SUBSTANC SUBSTANC
STRONG STRONG
ES WITH ES WITH
ACIDS ALKALIS
pH<5 pH>9

 BOTH CAN CAUSE DAMAGE TO THE SINK & REACT WITH WATER TO
RELEASE HIGH HEAT & TOXIC GASES

 STRONG ACID & STRONG ALKALI WASTES SHOULD BE KEPT IN CLOSED

LABELLED CONTAINERS DURING DISPOSAL
 HEAVY METALS & TOXIC
SUBSTANCES

 SOLUTIONS CONTAINING HEAVY METALS & TOXIC

SUBSTANCES HAVE TO BE KEPT IN PLASTIC BAGS &
THE SOLUTIONS BE LEFT TO EVAPORATE IN THE
FUME CHAMBER

 THEN, THE BAG OF HEAVY METAL RESIDUE IS TIED

CAREFULLY & IS PUT INTO THE CONTAINER OF
HEAVY METAL WASTE

 THIS TYPE OF SUBSTANCES SHOULD BE DISCARDED

& DISPOSED ACCORDING TO STANDARD
PROCEDURES
 VOLATILE SUBSTANCES

o SUBSTANCES SUCH AS ALCOHOL, AMMONIA &

BROMINE ARE VOLATILE, THAT IS EASILY
CONVERTED TO GAS AT ROOM TEMPERATURE

o SOME OF GASES RELEASED ARE HAZARDOUS TO

HUMANS & CAN BE FATAL IF INHALED IN LARGE
AMOUNTS

o VOLATILE WASTES SHOLUD BE STORED IN

CLOSED CONTAINERS & KEPT AWAY FROM SUN
& HEAT
(III) EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT PROCEDURE IN
THE LABORATORY
WHAT SHOULD WE
DO IF WASTE
SPILLS OUT IN THE
LAB???
 IF THIS ACCIDENT HAPPENS, YOU SHOULD
ACT ACCORDING TO THE CORRECT
PROCEDURE AS SHOWN BELOW:
1) INFORM YOUR TEACHER OR THE LABORATORY ASSISTANT
ABOUT THE ACCIDENT IMMEDIATELY

2) PROHIBIT OTHER STUDENTS FROM ENTERING THE

ACCIDENT SITE

3) CLEAN THE CHEMICAL SPILL

4) DISPOSE OF THE CHEMICAL SPILL BY FOLLOWING THE

CORRECT PROCEDURES
 HOW’S ABOUT
IF THE PLEASE
THERMOMETER REMEMBER,
BREAKS??? THERMOMETE
R IS
CONTAINING
MERCURY,
THAT CAN
CAUSE
MERCURY
POISONING.
 TEST YOURSELF 1.3
1. LIST OUT 3 SAFETY STEPS WHILE IN THE LABORATORY.
2. GIVE THE FUNCTIONS OF THE FOLLOWING EQUIPMENT:
3. HOW WOULD YOU MANAGE SOLID WASTES SUCH AS GLASS AND RUBBER IN
THE LABORATORY?
4. EXPLAIN HOW YOU WOULD TEST THE PRESENCE OF OXYGEN AND HYDROGEN
GASES.
5. EXPLAIN HOW YOU CAN GET THE MOST ACCURATE READING IN TITRATION.
 ACHIEVEMENT TEST
1) LIST OUT 3 TYPES OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AND STATE THE
FUNCTION OF EACH EQUIPMENT.

2) STATE THE SAFETY MEASURES THAT SHOULD BE TAKEN TO OVERCOME

MERCURY SPILL ACCIDENTS THAT OCCUR IN THE SCHOOL LABORATORY.
 Read the
notes first,
then answer
the questions
provided