PUMPS

PRESENTED BY

Rohit

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PUMPS

• PUMPS ARE DEVICES TO INCREASE THE

MECHANICAL ENERGY OF FLUIDS
(MOSTLY INCOMPRESSIBLE)IN THE FORM
OF KINETIC ENERGY , PRESSURE ENERGY
OR POTENTIAL ENERGY EXPRESSED IN
TERMS OF HEAD

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 PUMPS ARE MOST
WIDELY USED EQUIPMENTS
IN THE PROCESS INDUSTRY
FOR TRANSFERRING FLUIDS
FROM ONE PLACE TO
DESIRED PLACE
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 PUMPS

CENTRIFUGAL SPECIAL EFFECT

POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT

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 CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

SINGLE STAGE MULTI STAGE

• SINGLE SUCTION • OPEN IMPELLER

• DOUBLE SUCTION • SEMI OPEN
• SELF PRIMING IMPELLER
• NON-PRIMING • CLOSED IMPELLER

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A Brief introduction to centrifugal pump
Mechanism:
P.E Rotation of the impeller
imparts energy to the
liquid causing it to exit the
P.E impeller’s vane at a
K.E greater velocity than it
P.E possessed when entered.

The liquid that exits the

impeller is collected in the
casing (volute/diffuser)
where its velocity is
converted to pressure.
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RECIPROCATING PUMP
• PISTON TYPE CAN BE OF SINGLE
• ACTING OR DOUBLE
PLUNGER TYPE ACTING
•• BOTH PISTON AND PLUNGER CAN BE OF
DIAPHRAGM TYPE
SIMPLEX, DUPLEX, TRIPLEX, OR
MULTIPLEX TYPES

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PISTON PUMPS
• FOR LOW CAPQCITY AND HIGH DISCHARGE
PRESSURE THESE PUMPS ARE USED
PRV

• PISTON PUMP CAN DEVELOP UPTO 138 bar.

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PLUNGER PUMPS
• FOR HIGH CAPACITY AND VERY HIGH
DISCHARGE PRESSURE PLUNGER PUMPS ARE
USED.
• PLUNGERS ARE SOLID OR HOLLOW CYLINDER
• THESE ARE ONLY OF SINGLE ACTING TYPE
• THESE CAN BE USED FOR PRESSURE RANGES
FROM 70—2000 BAR

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DIAPHRAGM TYPE

•• THESE
THESE CAN BE OF
CAN BESIMPLEX
FLUIDOR MULTIPLEX TYPE
OPERATED OR
• THESE CAN BE USED IN CONDITION WHERE NO
MECH. OPERATED
LEAKAGE CONDITION OR OPERTION OF SLURRY OR
• A flexible LIQUID
CORROSIVE membrane clamped at its
peripheri moves in reciprocating manner

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ROTARY PUMP

• MULTIPLE
SINGLE ROTOR
TYPE----
TYPE-----
• GEAR
VANE, ,PISTON
LOBE, CICUMFERENTIAL
, FLEXIBLE MEMBER,
SCREW, PERISTALTIC
PISTON,SCREW

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 Why prefer centrifugal pump

• Although the positive displacement is more

efficient than centrifugal pump, the benefit
of higher efficiency tends to be offset by
increased maintenance cost.
• That is the reason for incorporating
Ammonia feed pump of reciprocating type
with centrifugal type in recent Urea plant .

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Performance Parameter of Pump
• Head: The quantity used to express the energy
content of the liquid per unit weight of the liquid.
Head is expressed in m of liquid.
• Capacity/Flow: Discharge delivered by the pump in
a unit time. It is expressed in m³/h or Lps or gpm.
• Hydraulic power: Theoretical power delivered to the
liquid by pump. [Mass flow(kg/s)*g (9.81m/s²)*H(m)]
Watt
• BHP: Power delivered to the Pump shaft. [Hydraulic
Power/Pump efficiency]
• Pump Efficiency: The ratio of energy delivered by
the pump to the energy supplied to the pump
shaft.
[Hydraulic power/BHP]
• NPSH: Net positive suction head. [m]
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SOME TERMS ASSOCIATED WITH
CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
• IMPELLER • CAVITATION
• VANES • MINIMUM RECYLE
• SHROUDS • THRUST BALANCE
• VOLUTE
• MECHENICAL
SEALS
• NPSH
• PRIMING
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NPSH [Net positive suction head]
• NPSH: The value by which the pressure in the pump suction
exceeds the liquid vapour pressure. It is expressed as head of
liquid. NPSH is an analysis of energy condition on the
suction side of the pump to determine if the liquid will
vaporize at lowest pressure point in the pump.
• The value of NPSH needed at pump suction to avoid
cavitation in the pump is known as NPSHR.
• NPSHR is a characteristic of pump design. As the liquid
passes from the pump suction to the eye of impeller the
velocity increases and pressure decreases. There are
also pressure loss due to shock and turbulence as liquid
strike the impeller.
• A lower speed pump requires lower NPSH.
• A double suction pump requires 2/3rd as much NPSH as
compared to similar rated single suction pump.
• NPSH required increases with increase in flow.
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 NPSH Calculation

NPSH: Hs (m of fluid) = -ΔP (suction piping) + (v1²-

vs²)/g + (z1-zs+H1)
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Cavitation:
Cavitation begins as the
formation of vapor
bubbles at the impeller
eye due to low pressure.
The bubbles form at the
position of lowest
pressure at the pump
inlet (see Figure 1),
which is just prior to the
fluid being acted upon
by the impeller vanes,
they are then rapidly
compressed.

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 Vapor pressure and cavitation

• There are two ways to

boil a liquid. One way is
to increase the
temperature while
keeping the pressure
constant until the
temperature is high
enough to produce vapor
bubbles.
• The other way to boil a
liquid is to lower the
pressure. If you keep the
temperature constant
and lower the pressure
the liquid will also boil. 21
SEALS

SEALS ARE BROADLY OF TWO TYPES

STATIC SEALS----PACKING OR STUFFING
BOX
DYNAMIC SEALS---- MECHANICAL SEALS

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• A SEAL IS BASICALLY A DEVICE FOR
CLOSING / SEALING A GAP OR MAKING A
JOINT FLUID TIGHT.
• Seals broadly classified into two
categories
• Static seal
• Dynamic seal
• Sealing device must be flexible to overcome
axial & radial displacement. Some
inaccuracies resulting from machining,
malfunctioning & assembly produce radial
displacement. Differential thermal expansion
causes axial displacement

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Stuffing box or packing box

• To prevent leakage with in the pump

to the atmosphere some material to
be stuffed or packed around the shaft
where it passed through the casing

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Mechanical seal
FUNDEMENTAL OBJECTIVE OF MECHANICAL
SEAL OPERATION IS THE DEVELOPMENT
AND MAINTENANCE OF LIQUID FILM
BETWEEN SEAL FACES. THIS MICROSOPIC
FILM OF THE LIQUID ACTS AS A CUSHION
FOR THE SEAL FACES TO RIDE ON,THUS
MINIMIZING OR PREVENTING WEAR AS
WELL AS MINIMIZING OR PREVENTING
LEAKAGE

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Mechanical seal
THESE ARE THE MOST COMMONLY
USED DEVICE FOR SEALING AGAINST
LIQUIDS WHEN USING ROTATING
SHAFT.THESE ARE PRECISION
EQUIPMENTS AND DEMAND CAREFUL
HANDLING & INSTALLATION.THESE
ARE RELIABLE,HAVE LONG LIFE & IN
GENERAL OPERATE WITH NO VISIBLE
LEAKAGE.

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Mechanical seal
MECHANICAL SEAL COMPRISES OF ROTATING AND
STATIONARY ELEMENT IN RUBBING CONTACT TO
FORM A SEALING FACE WITH MINIMAL LEAKAGE
PATH. THE FUNCTION OF A MECHANICAL SEAL IS
TO PREVENT LEAKAGE BETWEEN A ROTATING
SHAFT AND THE HOUSING
1. ALL MECH SEALS CONTAIN FOUR BASIC
ELEMENTS:
2. A ROTATING SEAL RING
3. A STATIONARY SEAL RING
4. A SPRING LOADING SECTION FOR MAINTAINING
SEAL FACE CONTACT.
5. STATIC SEALING PARTS
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Specific speed

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Centrifugal pump: Characteristic curve
BEP: Best efficiency point

NPSH
(M)

NPSH

Discharge flow in gpm

BEP: The point on head - capacity curve that align with
highest point on the efficiency curve. 30
 Centrifugal Pump characteristic
• Capacity of the centrifugal pump decreases as
discharge pressure increases.
• It is important to select a centrifugal pump that is
design to do a particular job.
• Even a small improvement in pump efficiency
could yield very significant saving of electricity as
it is least efficient of the component that
comprises a pumping system.

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Centrifugal pump performance curve

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Performance curve for different
impeller

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Multiple speed performance curve

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System Characteristic
• The objective of the pump is to transfer or circulate
the liquid.
• A pressure is needed to make the liquid flow at
required rate and overcome head losses in the
system. Losses are of two type- 1. Static 2. Friction
• Static head is simply difference of height of supply
and destination reservoir.

Static Head
Static
head

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Flow
System Characteristic-frictional head
• Friction head is the friction loss due to flow of liquid through
pipe, valves, fitting, equipments.
• Frictional losses are proportional to square of the flow rate.
• For given flow rate friction loss can be reduced by increasing
diameter of pipe, using improved fitting etc..
• A close loop circulating system without a surface open to
atmospheric pressure, would exhibit only frictional losses and
would have a system resistance curve as below.
Friction Head

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Flow
Pump operating point
• The operating point will always be the intersection
point of System curve and Head-flow curve.

Head vs Flow
Operating
point
Head

System Curve

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Flow
Pump Operating Point
• If the actual system curve is different in reality as
compared to calculated, the pump will operate at a flow
and head different to expected.
• An error in system curve calculation may lead to
selection of a centrifugal pump which will have efficiency
less than expected.
• Ideally, the operating point should correspond to the
flow rate at the pump’s Best Efficiency Point (BEP).
• In many applications, some margin in the pump capacity
may be needed to accommodate transient changes.
• However, it is generally desirable to limit over-sizing to
no more than 15-20%.
• Adding too much safety margin may lead to inefficient
pump selection in actual operation.

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Flow versus speed

If the speed of the impeller is increased

from N1 to N2 rpm, the flow rate will
increase from Q1to Q2 as per the given
formula:

Q1 N1
=
Q2 N2

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Affinity law: Head vs Speed

The head developed (H) will be proportional to

the square of the pump speed, so that

H1 N1 ²
=

H2 N2 ²

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Affinity law: Power vs Speed

The Power consumed (BHP) will be

proportional to the cube of the pump speed, so
that

BHP1 N1 3
=

BHP2 N2 ³

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Power Requirement for Pump [Mgh]
You can use any of the following formulas to
make your calculations (for water only):
Hydraulic Head (ft) X Capacity (gpm)
=
Power (kW) 5308
Hydraulic = Head (meter) X Capacity (m³/h)
Power (kW)
360
Hydraulic Head (meter) X Capacity (lps)
=
Power (kW) 100
For fluids other than water multiply with sp. Gravity of fluid to
calculated power 43
Solution of over designed pump

• Reduce the speed / Trim the impeller

• Blue pump curve shows either of these option
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Best practices in pumping system
• Ensure adequate NPSH at site of installation
• Ensure availability of basic instruments at pumps like
pressure gauges, flow meters.
• Operate pumps near best efficiency point.
• Modify pumping system and pumps losses to minimize
throttling.
• Adapt to wide load variation with variable speed drives
or sequenced control of multiple units.
• Stop running multiple pumps - add an auto-start for
an on-line spare or add a booster pump in a problem
area.
• Use booster pumps for small loads requiring higher
pressures.
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JET PUMPS

• JET PUMPS ARE SPECIAL EFFECT PUMPS

WHERE FLUID ENERGY IS USED TO INCREASE
THE MECH ENERGY OF DESIRED FLUID.
• EJECTOR—GENERAL NAME USED TO DESCRIBE
ALL TYPES OF JET PUMPS WHERE DISCHARGE
PRESSURE IS INTER –MEDIATE BETWEEN
MOTIVE AND SUCTION PRESSURE
• EDUCTOR– A LIQUID JET PUMP USING LIQUID
AS MOTIVE FLUID

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 JET PUMP
• JET COMPRESSOR– A GAS JET PUMP
USED TO BOOST PRESSURE OF GASES
• SIPHON--- A LIQUID JET PUMP USING
CONDENSABLE VAPOUR NORMALLY
STEAM , AS MOTIVE FLUID

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TORQUE CONVERTER
• THE HYDRODYNAMIC TORQUE CONVERTER IS
PROVIDED FOR STEPLESS SPEED/TORQUE
TRANSMISSION BETWEEN MOTOR AND DRIVEN
MACHINE. THE PUMP IMPELLER ABSORBS THE
MECHANICAL ENERGY OF MOTOR, CONVERT IT TO
KINETIC ENERGY BY ACCELERATING THE OIL. THE
TURBINE WHEEL CONVERT IT BACK TO
MECHANICAL ENERGY.
• THE GUIDE VANES OF GUIDE WHEEL ARE
ADJUSTABLE AND EFFECT ACHANGE IN FLOW
• DEPENDING ON THE GUIDE VANE POSITION A
CORRESPONDING TORQUE IS TRANSMITTED VIA
THE TUBINE WHEEL TO THE OUTPUT SHAFT
• THE PUMP AND TURBINE ROTATEIN SAME
DIRECTION
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 CONTINUED
• THERE IS NO MECHANICAL CONNECTION BETWEEN THE
PUMP IMPELLER, TURBINE WHEEL AND GUIDE WHEEL
• OIL CURCUIT---
• THE HOUSING IS PRIVIDEDAS OIL TANK THE SAME OIL IS
USEDAS A WORKING OIL, CONTROL OIL ,LUBE OIL AND
COOLING OIL
• THE WORKING OIL IS SUPPLIED BY TWO GEAR PUMPS
CONNECTED TO INPUT SHAFT INTO THE WORKING
CHAMBER
• CONTROL OIL---A GEAR PUMP SUPPLIES THE GUIDE
VANES ADJUSTMENT MECHANISM OIL AT A PRESSURE OF
12Kg/cm2 AND THE OUTLET OF PCV MIXEX WITH
WORKING OIL CURCUIT

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LUBE OIL CURCUIT
• ALL ANTIFRICTION BEARINGS ARE
SURROUNDED BY THE WORKING OIL.
A SEPARATE LUBRICATION IS NOT
NECESSARY DURING OPERATION

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