APPLICATION OF

REFRIGERATION
Application
 Ice plant
 Food storage plants
 Milk chilling plants
 Refrigerated cargo ships
Food preservation
 Processing
 Heating
 Heat drying
 Chilling
 Freezing
 Freeze drying
 Storage
 Chilled refrigerator
 Freezer
Food processing (products)

 Candy
 Beverages
 Meat
 Poultry
 Fish
 Bakery
 Dairy products etc.,
Food storage (products)
 Fruits
 Apple
 Pears
Grapes
t


Citrus fruits etc., o r o n

p


ns a ti
 Vegetables
ra ge r
 Onions T fri
 Potatoes
R e
 Tomatoes
 Dry fruits, milk, eggs etc.,
 Refrigeration for food preservation

 Refrigeration slows down the chemical and biological processes in

foods and the accompanying deterioration and the loss of quality.
 The storage life of fresh perishable foods (meats, fish, fruits, and
vegetables) can be extended by several days, weeks or months by
cooling and by freezing.
 The challenges are
 Fruits and vegetables continue to respire and generate heat during storage

 Most foods freeze over a range of temperatures instead of a single temperature;

 The quality of frozen foods is greatly affected by the rate of freezing

 The velocity of refrigerated air affects the rate of moisture loss from the products
addition to the rate of heat transfer
Microorganisms growth

 Microorganisms such as
bacteria, yeasts, molds,
and viruses are widely
encountered in air, water,
soil, living organisms, and
unprocessed food items
Growth affecting Factors
Environmental factor

 Growth depends on both the characteristics of the

food and the environmental factors.
 How to control the growth

 Follow sanitation practice

to avoid contamination

 Alter the environmental

conditions

 Destroying by heat
treatment or chemicals.
Temperature
 Methods of freezing
 Air blast freezing
 High-velocity air at about 30C is blown over the food products
 Contact freezing
 Packaged or unpackaged food is placed on or between cold
metal plates and cooled by conduction
 Immersion freezing
 Food is immersed in low temperature brine
 Cryogenic freezing
 Food is placed in a medium cooled by a cryogenic fluid such as
liquid nitrogen or liquid or solid carbon dioxide
 Combination of above
Air blast freezing
Contact freezing
 Food products are sandwiched between two cold
metal plates and are cooled by conduction.
 Plates are cooled by circulating cold refrigerant
through the channels in the plates.
 Fast and efficient, but their use is limited 8 cm with
good thermal conductivity
 meat patties, fish fillets, and chopped leafy vegetables
Cryogenic freezing
 At atmospheric pressure, liquid nitrogen boils at 195 C and
absorbs 198 kJ/kg of heat during vaporization
 Carbon dioxide is a solid at atmospheric pressure (called dry
ice) and sublimes at - 79 C while absorbing 572 kJ/kg of heat.
 Common type of nitrogen freezer involves a long tunnel with
a moving belt in it.
 Food products are frozen by nitrogen as they pass through the
channel
 Expensive
 TRANSPORT
REFRIGERATION
Why….
Global Demand
What it does
Cold chain development
 Refrigerated trucks & Trailors

 Vehicles are refrigerated to maintain

temperatures of
 1.5 to 4°C for cold foods
 – 18°C for frozen foods.
 Types of Transport refrigeration

 Product sub-cooling
 Water Ice
 Water Ice in Bunker with Forced Air Circulation
 Dry ice
 Liquid nitrogen or CO2 spray
 Eutectic Plates with Station Charging
 Eutectic Plates with Vehicle-Mounted Condensing Unit
 Mechanical Refrigeration with Independent Engine or Electric Motor
 Mechanical Refrigeration Deriving Power from Vehicle Engine or
Transmission
Water Ice in Bunker
with Forced Air
Circulation
Types of Transport refrigeration

 Product sub-cooling
 The product is sub-cooled and is used for short distance
 (milk, orange juice etc.,)
 Water Ice – using latent heat of ice
 Short distance
 Dry ice
 Used in retail trucks to deliver frozen foods
 The sublimation of dry ice produces an RE of 605 kJ/kg at – 78.5 C
 Example – Ice cream.
 Liquid nitrogen or CO2 spray
 Boiling point of -195 C
 Used for frozen food
Types of Transport refrigeration

 Eutectic Plates with Station Charging

 PCM is used for cooling the
product
Types of Transport refrigeration

 Mechanical Refrigeration with Independent Engine or

Electric Motor
 The mechanical-refrigeration system mounted on the
vehicle has an independent engine
 Some are also equipped with an electric motor for stand-by
operation at the charging station. These units are available
in two ranges
 5.86 to 10.3 kW capacity at 1.5°C
 1.76 to 5.28 kW capacity at – 18°C in a 40°C environment.
 Mechanical Refrigeration Deriving Power from
Vehicle Engine or Transmission
 Refrigerated Railway Cars

 Use ice bunkers with water ice or ice-and-salt mixture

 Nowadays, an independent diesel generator is provided
for mechanical refrigeration of capacity 20 kW
Air refrigeration